February 2002 Gasification Archive

For more information to help people develop better stoves for cooking with biomass fuels in developing regions, please see our web site: http://www.bioenergylists.org

From crispin at newdawn.sz Fri Feb 1 05:21:42 2002
From: crispin at newdawn.sz (New Dawn Engineering /ATEX)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:33 2004
Subject: Graphs of tests
Message-ID: <005e01c1ab34$995ad340$2a47fea9@md>

Dear Stovers<A
href="http://www.newdawn-engineering.com/website/stove/tests/basitests/Basintuthu8.htm">http://www.newdawn-engineering.com/website/stove/tests/basitests/Basintuthu8.htmand<A
href="http://www.newdawn-engineering.com/website/stove/tests/basitests/Basintuthu9.htm">http://www.newdawn-engineering.com/website/stove/tests/basitests/Basintuthu9.htmhave
the flame temperature tests for those who want to see them
graphically.RegardsCrispin

From psanders at ilstu.edu Fri Feb 1 05:26:00 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:34 2004
Subject: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020201090918.017dde50@mail.ilstu.edu>

Stovers,

We all worry about attachments. I opened Evans' document without
any evident problems (sometimes they come later, but my virus protection
is recently up-dated).

Anyway, I took the liberty to copy the document and insert it below
inside this e-mail message. Some format changes might make it look
messy, the is my fault (and MicroSoft's) and not from Evans.

Footnote numbers did NOT copy at all.

If hard to read, you might want to do "select all" and then
paste into Word (or other word processor) which will bring it back close
to the pages structure intended.

Content: A quick look tells me that Evans has a very useful
document that is important for understanding the fuel issues facing
Africa south of the Sahara.

I plan on being at the Jo-burg conference in early September, and Evans
also, it seems. We need to prepare ourselves, and Evans paper is a
starting point.

To Evans: can you (and others) tell us more about activities of
interest to us about stoves and fuels at the Jo-burg
conference? What opportunities are there for presentations,
demonstration, participations?

When I previously mentioned the conference, one of the few responses was
from Tom R. who played down its importance as being more talk than
action. I can agree with Tom. But I am still going to attend
and I am hoping for more "stover" involvement.

Info item: My work duties will put me in Mozambique from early July
to mid October 2002, so I expect to be "local" for the
conference and might be able to assist a few others (once I figure our
myself the options at the Jo-burg conference.

Paul

At 01:49 AM 2/1/02 -0800, Kituyi, Evans wrote:
Dear Stovers,
I would appreciate comments on the attached 3page document on the future
of
energy for households in sub-Saharan Africa. Thanks

Evans Kituyi

Energy and the Road To Johannesburg

Issues and Concerns for
sub-Saharan African Households

Evans Kituyi
African Centre for Technology Studies, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail:
e.kituyi@cgiar.org

Introduction

Come September 2001, world governments will gather in Johannesburg,
South Africa for the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD),
also dubbed the Rio+10 conference, and sustainable development
will be the key phrase at the heart of the conference’s theme. The
purpose of this summit will be to review the progress so far made by
nations in implementing the Agenda 21, identify the key challenges faced
in the implementation process, and to map out the way forward towards a
sustainable future. One of the key reasons why sustainable development
was not achieved in anticipated levels in sub-Saharan Africa over the
past decade was the poor access to cleaner commercial energy by the
majority of its population.

It is imperative that most of the population gains access to this form of
energy as a prerequisite for sustainable development. Unfortunately, the
people in the region cannot achieve this on their own and must be
assisted in various aspects by the international community. One
appropriate forum where Africa could present its case is the WSSD,
through the African Ministerial Statementwhich will be the official
channel for bringing the continents concerns to world attention. In their
recent preparatory committee meeting (PrepCom) for the Summit held in
Nairobi, the African Ministers noted this general energy concern.
However, their arguments tended to be biased, focusing more on RETs such
as Solar PV, wind, and increased development of hydro, failing to
explicitly recognize the role of biomassfrequently implied in the
meetings as synonymous with technological backwardness.

However, it is unlikely that a significant fraction of sub-Saharan
African households will gain access to modern, cleaner forms of energy
(mainly electricity for lighting and kerosene for cooking) as sustainable
substitutes to fuelwood in the short or even medium terms. Most will
continue depending almost exclusively on biomass. This situation is not
strongly highlighted in the ministerial report and it is unlikely thatin
its current stateit will elicit world attention on the energy poverty
status of the region.

Significant Increase in Access to Cleaner Commercial Energy is
Unlikely

Africa starts the
21st
Century as the poorest, the most technologically backward, the most debt
distressed, and the most marginalised region in the world. Drought,
disease, civil conflict and poor governance make the situation worse.
Consequently, Africans’ quality of life continued to erode over the last
decade. In sub-Saharan Africa, 52% of people live on less than US$1 per
day and urban poverty is increasingly severe, with about 43% of urban
dwellers living below the poverty line of US$47 per month per capita.
Opportunities for employment and household level income generating have
diminishedhence the family savings to facilitate transition to modern
energy are minimal.

High urbanization ratemainly increasing the urban poor
populationis putting more demand for charcoal, and by extension the
forests and other biomass sources. Although the
cost of renewable energy technologies (RETs) have fallen over the past
decade, the magnitude of the drop has not been significant enough to
compete kerosenethe commonly used liquid fossil fuel. Significant
awareness of RETs has, however, been raised in many countries in Africa.
It is therefore reasonable to infer that biomass (mainly firewood and
charcoal) will remain the key sources of energy for most of the
population in sub-Saharan Africa for several decades to come. This
observation is shared by various institutions including the World Energy
Council, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the UNDP.

Therefore little change, if any, will occur in as far as increasing the
percentage of the population (both the rural and urban poor). Our
pessimism in this regard is shared by the African Union which proposes a
modest 25% increase in the number of households with access to cleaner
commercial fuels by the year 2025 (from the current 10% to the projected
35%). This is part of the proposed objectives of the Union’s widely
accepted pathway towards sustainable development, the New African
Initiative (NAI).

Despite these scenarios, the African Ministers give no special attention
to biomass energy in their draft common position to the WSSD. One can
therefore assume that it is generalized under renewable energy. That the
majority of Africans will not have their livelihoods (in general and
energy poverty in particular) improved is not good news for a continent
in dire need of sustainable development. This concern deserves strong
recognition by the world leaders meeting in Johannesburg in order to
deliver special and focused responses towards energy poverty reduction in
the region.

Towards Sustainable Energy Biomass Energy Production and Use

The realistic picture that emerges from the preamble implies further
suffering by the majority (at least 65% of the population, using NAI’s
projection as best case reference) of Africans as we enter the new
millennium. Biomass will remain the major source of energy for rural
populations, coupled with niche renewables such as Solar PV, provided
they are affordable, reliable and a proper payments system is
established. These sources themselves are under threat from overuse,
creating additional environmental challenges. The increasing distances to
the biomass sources in many regions and the number of households that are
increasingly being conditioned to purchase their needs from markets, as
well as the ever-increasing fuelwood costs demonstrate this.

The message of this brief is that whereas efforts to promote access by
all to modern commercial energy technologies must be encouraged,
concurrent agendas should be in place for the sake of the majority who
will not have the means to gain access to cleaner energy. For the short
and medium terms, any sustainable development solutions in the household
energy sub-sector in Africa must focus on biomass energy technology
development and dissemination. This includes sustainable fuelwood
production and its efficient consumption through adoption of improved
energy technologies, with sustained efforts to eliminated barriers to
access to commercial energy. Many opponents to this school of thought do
exist, who argue that nothing but leapfrog by Africans to cleaner
commercial energy should be promoted. Whereas this could be necessarily
true, it is neither practical nor realistic on a short or medium term.

It is from this realization that some institutions including the UNDP and
the G8 have been proactive at offering solutions towards accelerated
cost-efficient adoption of improved efficiency biomass conversion
technologies. Others such as International Energy Agency, the Shell
Foundation and the World Bank-ESMAP do finance studies aimed at
identifying barriers to the large-scale adoption of existing biomass
technology innovations. The objective is usually the attainment of
environmentally sound and cost-competitive bioenergy on a sustainable
basis to make a substantial contribution to meeting future energy
demands. These institutions provide a framework upon which future work in
the region may be built upon through appropriate institutional linkages
with many indigenous organizations.

Conclusion

The energy poverty situation in Africa is serious and worsening, and
the majority of the population will continue depending on biomass for
many decades to come. The African Ministers recognize this well.
Ironically, however, the energy section in their joint message to the
WSSD is weak on this message, hence unlikely to trigger the world’s
interest and attention, significant enough for the Summit to deliver a
special deal on alleviating energy poverty on the continent. There is
still a chance, however, for interested stakeholders to enrich the
Ministerial Statement through submissions at subsequent preparatory
meetings or during the Summit itself. An urgent regional roundtable on
the plight of the majority of Africans that will still not gain access to
commercial energy for many decades to come is therefore recommended to
generate a number of balanced positions for presentation to the
WSSD.

African Preparatory Conference for the World Summit on Sustainable
Development, Nairobi, 18 October 2001.
ECA (2001) Transforming Africa’s Economies. Economic Report on
Africa 2000, Economic Commission for Africa, 85p. Addis Ababa.
ECA (2001) Ibid.
WEO (2001) World Energy Outlook 2001. International Energy Agency,
http://www.iea.org/
World Energy Council in its
WEC Statement 2000.
Gustafson, D. (2001) The role of woodfuels in Africa, Food and
Agriculture Organisation In Proceedings of the African High-Level
Regional Meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development (N. Wamukonya,
Ed.) 1013 January 2001, Nairobi, Kenya. pp 99101.
UNDP (2000) World Energy Assessment, UNDP/UNDESA/WEC.
WEC (2000) Energy for Tomorrow’s WorldActing Now! WEC Statement
2000. World Energy Council. 146p.
Statement by Dr Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director, UNEP at the
African High Level Regional Meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development
for CSD 9.
Gustafson, D. (2001) Op Cit.
Kituyi, E. et al. (2001) Biofuel consumption rates and patterns in
Kenya, Biomass and Bioenergy 20:8399.
See various projects at UNDP Bioenergy page at
http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass.html

G8 Renewable Energy Task Force Report. Corrado Clini and Mark
Moody-Stuart (Co-Chairmen) 2001. 61p.
See website on bioenergy at
http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener.htm

See website at
http://www.shellfoundation.org/
for details on project types.

Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

From CAVM at aol.com Fri Feb 1 05:57:17 2002
From: CAVM at aol.com (CAVM@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:34 2004
Subject: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
Message-ID: <6e.1712da57.298c150f@aol.com>

<< I would appreciate comments on the attached 3page document on the future of
>energy for households in sub-Saharan Africa. Thanks
>
>Evans Kituyi

Energy and the Road To Johannesburg
Issues and Concerns for sub-Saharan African Households >>

Evans, I imagine you know better than most that Kenya in particular creates
its own problems. We cooperated on a project to harvest water weeds on Lake
Victoria over the last two years in Kenya. Our project not only helped open
the water ways for freight and fishing traffic but it reduced the incidence
of pests harbored in the floating plant beds. My portion of the project was
to anaerobically digest the harvested water weeds to produce electrical
power. Fertilizer from the digesters would have been a byproduct. While the
harvesting went on for several months we could not get the anaerobic digester
approved.

The government of Kenya stopped this project cold by gradual strangulation.
We were funded by a UN project with World Bank funds so it cost them nothing.
We could produce electrical power much below the $.15/kw paid to Uganda for
their hydro power but the political system lacked the foresight to allow us
to proceed. Endless permit requirements, all with substantial fees involved,
and other ways of draining the funds quickly were employed. The short term
benefit of getting the money away from us and to the government was more
important that the electrical issues. So no project. Very sad.

The president of Malawi has expressed an interest in cleaning up Lake Malawi
so this same project could go forward there but our equipment was seized from
the docks in Kenya so we start from scratch again. Very cheap electrical
power with additional byproduct benefits were possible in Kenya. Not any
more.

Our research people also made recommendations regarding the Nile Perch
processing facilities on Lake Victoria to process their fish waste into value
added products rather than dump it back into the lake. No interest there
either.

We suggested briquetting of various biomass which might be underutilized or
wasted now, no interest.

Regarding another option, we can bring a 6 MW (net) fluidized bed combustion
power plant on any site they choose for $800/kw capital cost. This plant can
utilize virtually any combustible biomass for fuel and can change fuels
quickly. It is a direct hot air turbine design which does not use a boiler
or steam. Clean water could be produced from the substantial byproduct heat
from this unit as a bonus to the electrical production.

Much can be done. It is not a question of technology, not even of money. It
is a question of politics. When the political environment changes so that
the needs of the people are more important than the bellies of the leaders,
we will still be here ready to go to work.

Cornelius A. Van Milligen
Kentucky Enrichment Inc.
Project Managers
CAVM@AOL.com

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From ronallarson at qwest.net Fri Feb 1 15:25:47 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:34 2004
Subject: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020201090918.017dde50@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <00db01c1ab88$451b3f00$e7f66641@computer>

Paul - Thanks for keeping this theme
alive. I am very busy right now (organizing an April 7 local "renewables
and efficiency fair") - so I apologize for having put in few comments
recently..

I am still planning to
attend Johannesburg.

For others who may be weighing
the costs and benefits - I can say I have been to two similar. 1)
1981 UN renewable conference in Nairobi (I was an official US worker (my way was
paid) - and saw lots of the inside workings), and 2) 1992 Rio ( helped
carry some boxes for a few days on behalf of the American Solar Energy Society -
at my own expense). On the basis of this limited experience, I can say I
expect to have close to zero influence on the official workings, but to see a
lot of great displays and dedicated people working on energy topics from all
over the world.

This will be a madhouse,
but I believe it can be fun - and it could be historical in epic
proportions. At last I can meet Crispin, Paul, Evans (I hope) and who
else?? I'd appreciate more guidance on where and how to stay, meet,
gather, etc.

Evans: Great summary of the present
problem. I hope your paper will get into the official
records.

Ron
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px">
----- Original Message -----
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black">From:
Paul S.
Anderson
To: <A href="mailto:E.KITUYI@CGIAR.ORG"
title=E.KITUYI@CGIAR.ORG>Kituyi, Evans ; <A href="mailto:stoves@crest.org"
title=stoves@crest.org>stoves@crest.org
Cc: <A
href="mailto:ajmalawene01@hotmail.com"
title=ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>Apolinário J Malawene ; <A
href="mailto:bobkarlaweldon@cs.com" title=bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>Bob and Karla
Weldon ; Ed
Francis ; <A href="mailto:ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz"
title=ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz>Tsamba--Alberto Julio ; <A
href="mailto:astrozen2000@hotmail.com" title=astrozen2000@hotmail.com>Lily
Coyle
Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 8:34
AM
Subject: Re: Biomass and EnergySecurity
in sub-Saharan Africa

Stovers,<snip>

From adkarve at pn2.vsnl.net.in Fri Feb 1 19:18:40 2002
From: adkarve at pn2.vsnl.net.in (A.D. Karve)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:34 2004
Subject: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
Message-ID: <000001c1abac$716d5600$5652c5cb@adkarvepn2.vsnl.net.in>

Dear Corneleus,
the politicians and bureaucrats always act in their own interest, sometimes
even acting like the Mafia. If the people benefit by any actions of theirs,
it is purely a coincidence. That was the reason, why we chose to form our
own non-government organisation to conduct rural developmental activities as
we wished to conduct them. Last year, we also founded an industrial and
commercial co-operative to commercialise the technologies developed by us.
Since we deal directly with the people, we were able to succeed where the
government failed. A recent example is that of the National Programme on
Improved Cookstoves. Because it failed to achieve its objectives, the
Government of India decided to terminate this programme with effect from
April 1, 2002. But in our state, we persuaded village potters to copy our
models of improved cookstoves and to propagate them on a commercial scale.
As soon as the focus of this activity was shifted from being a government
sponsored welfare activity to a commercial activity, it succeeded.
Dr.A.D.Karve, President,
Appropriate Rural Technology Institute
Pune, India.
-----Original Message-----
From: CAVM@aol.com <CAVM@aol.com>
To: psanders@ilstu.edu <psanders@ilstu.edu>; E.KITUYI@cgiar.org
<E.KITUYI@cgiar.org>; stoves@crest.org <stoves@crest.org>
Cc: ajmalawene01@hotmail.com <ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>;
BobKarlaWeldon@cs.com <BobKarlaWeldon@cs.com>; cfranc@ilstu.edu
<cfranc@ilstu.edu>; ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz <ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz>;
astrozen2000@hotmail.com <astrozen2000@hotmail.com>
Date: Friday, February 01, 2002 9:29 PM
Subject: Re: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa

>
><< I would appreciate comments on the attached 3page document on the future
of
> >energy for households in sub-Saharan Africa. Thanks
> >
> >Evans Kituyi
>
> Energy and the Road To Johannesburg
> Issues and Concerns for sub-Saharan African Households >>
>
>
>Evans, I imagine you know better than most that Kenya in particular creates
>its own problems. We cooperated on a project to harvest water weeds on
Lake
>Victoria over the last two years in Kenya. Our project not only helped
open
>the water ways for freight and fishing traffic but it reduced the incidence
>of pests harbored in the floating plant beds. My portion of the project
was
>to anaerobically digest the harvested water weeds to produce electrical
>power. Fertilizer from the digesters would have been a byproduct. While
the
>harvesting went on for several months we could not get the anaerobic
digester
>approved.
>
>The government of Kenya stopped this project cold by gradual strangulation.
>We were funded by a UN project with World Bank funds so it cost them
nothing.
>We could produce electrical power much below the $.15/kw paid to Uganda for
>their hydro power but the political system lacked the foresight to allow us
>to proceed. Endless permit requirements, all with substantial fees
involved,
>and other ways of draining the funds quickly were employed. The short term
>benefit of getting the money away from us and to the government was more
>important that the electrical issues. So no project. Very sad.
>
>The president of Malawi has expressed an interest in cleaning up Lake
Malawi
>so this same project could go forward there but our equipment was seized
from
>the docks in Kenya so we start from scratch again. Very cheap electrical
>power with additional byproduct benefits were possible in Kenya. Not any
>more.
>
>Our research people also made recommendations regarding the Nile Perch
>processing facilities on Lake Victoria to process their fish waste into
value
>added products rather than dump it back into the lake. No interest there
>either.
>
>We suggested briquetting of various biomass which might be underutilized or
>wasted now, no interest.
>
>Regarding another option, we can bring a 6 MW (net) fluidized bed
combustion
>power plant on any site they choose for $800/kw capital cost. This plant
can
>utilize virtually any combustible biomass for fuel and can change fuels
>quickly. It is a direct hot air turbine design which does not use a boiler
>or steam. Clean water could be produced from the substantial byproduct
heat
>from this unit as a bonus to the electrical production.
>
>Much can be done. It is not a question of technology, not even of money.
It
>is a question of politics. When the political environment changes so that
>the needs of the people are more important than the bellies of the leaders,
>we will still be here ready to go to work.
>
>Cornelius A. Van Milligen
>Kentucky Enrichment Inc.
>Project Managers
>CAVM@AOL.com
>
>-
>Stoves List Archives and Website:
>http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/current/
>http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html
>
>Stoves List Moderators:
>Ron Larson, ronallarson@qwest.net
>Alex English, english@adan.kingston.net
>Elsen L. Karstad, elk@wananchi.com www.chardust.com
>
>List-Post: <mailto:stoves@crest.org>
>List-Help: <mailto:stoves-help@crest.org>
>List-Unsubscribe: <mailto:stoves-unsubscribe@crest.org>
>List-Subscribe: <mailto:stoves-subscribe@crest.org>
>
>Sponsor the Stoves List: http://www.crest.org/discuss3.html
>-
>Other Biomass Stoves Events and Information:
>http://www.bioenergy2002.org
>http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/
>http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/carbon.shtml
>
>For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
>http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm
>
>

-
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From Reedtb2 at cs.com Sat Feb 2 05:25:57 2002
From: Reedtb2 at cs.com (Reedtb2@cs.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:34 2004
Subject: Pics in files
Message-ID: <47.1784006a.298d5f1a@cs.com>

Thanks for doing Emailing Picture research.

What is your conclusion. Mine would be that a single picture or drawing (only worth 1000 words) would be OK if less than 100 kB. But let's not extend mail download time needlessly for the folks who still have 56 kB/s lines (including me, very temporary).

Your Juntos stove pics were 9 kB. They were OK at original size, but definitely "pixelated" at at 5X7 on my screen - enough so I couldn't quite see the parts.

I take a LOT of pictures taken with my old Olympus in the lowest resolution mode (typically 50-60 kB) and they are good enough to enlarge to 5X7 without showing their pixilated quality (for my wife, Vivian, at breakfast). But definitely getting scruffy at 8X10.

I'm attaching a picture of our development model of the woodgas campstove gas flames.

According to windows explorer this one is 34 kB.

Anhone have problems with that?

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From jerry5335 at yahoo.com Sat Feb 2 12:44:56 2002
From: jerry5335 at yahoo.com (jerry dycus)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:34 2004
Subject: GAS-L: Pics in files
In-Reply-To: <47.1784006a.298d5f1a@cs.com>
Message-ID: <20020202224622.15408.qmail@web14003.mail.yahoo.com>

Hi Tom and All,
Your first pic post came thru at 149k and the
last one 45k and didn't even show the pics.
Most of us are on the 56k modem and I like a
lot of others are on online e-mail systems like yahoo
that if a lot of these or a few larger ones they would
max out my e-mail.
A nice way to do it is put the graphfic online
at one of the many free sites for that and just put
the url on the list so those want can see them and not
overload our e-mail systems.
jerry dycus
--- Reedtb2@cs.com wrote:
> Dear Paul and Bob and all:
>
> Thanks for doing Emailing Picture research.
>
> What is your conclusion. Mine would be that a
> single picture or drawing

__________________________________________________
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http://auctions.yahoo.com

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From ronallarson at qwest.net Sat Feb 2 14:23:56 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:34 2004
Subject: Fw: Invitation to participate in e-discussion on Environment and PovertyLinkages.
Message-ID: <003f01c1ac49$0fe46160$bee56641@computer>

Stovers (cc Rama Reddy):
I can't remember how I got on this World Bank list, but it looks like
few of the "stoves" list are presently on it. If Global Warming is on your
personal policy agenda, you may wish to joint the following dialog which
started today. I looked a few minutes ago and there were no messages yet -
so I am going to answer the questions below as I show below - in order to
try to escalate the Johannesburg dialog about support for starting an
internationally-sponsored stoves improvement program.

I wish I knew more about the details of the argument that the present
protocols do not capture the GW problems posed by stoves. So, those
"stoves" members who have been following this issue more closely will, I
hope, also jump in on the details I allude to below.

Ron

----- Original Message -----
From: <rreddy1@worldbank.org>
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Sent: Saturday, February 02, 2002 1:35 PM
Subject: Invitation to participate in e-discussion on Environment and
PovertyLinkages.

Welcome to an electronic discussion:

Linking Poverty Reduction and Environmental Management: Policy Challenges
and
Opportunities

(February 1 - June 30, 2002)

(Based on a consultation draft prepared by: Department for International
Development, UK; Directorate General for Development, European
Commission;
United Nations Development Programme; and The World Bank)

Linking Poverty Reduction and Environmental Management focuses on ways
to
reduce poverty and sustain growth through sound and equitable environmental
management. It seeks to draw out the links between poverty and the
environment,
and to demonstrate that sound and equitable environmental management is a
prerequisite for effective and sustained poverty reduction. The paper looks
ahead with some degree of optimism for the future - there are sometimes
win-win
opportunities and there are rational ways of dealing with trade-offs. The
paper
provides evidence and emphasizes that:

Poverty and the environment are closely linked

The links between poverty and environment arise in terms of three vitally
important dimensions of poverty reduction - livelihoods, health, and
vulnerability. The poor are strongly dependent on natural resources for
their
livelihoods. A polluted environment, particularly unclean water and indoor
air
pollution, affects the poor adversely. The poor are particularly vulnerable
to
environmental stress and disasters such as droughts and floods.

Policy opportunities exist to reduce poverty and improve the environment

The paper argues that, in the search for solutions, there is a need to go
beyond
a narrow focus on 'environmental management' in order to tackle the root
causes
of degradation. There is also a need to go beyond the notion of the
environment
as a restriction on development, and realize the opportunities for poverty
reduction that sound environmental management can provide. Areas for reform
include:

Improving governance, as a means to establish a more effective and
'pro-poor'
policy and institutional environment. Anti-corruption measures are important
as
corruption can play a major role in the misuse of natural resources and weak
enforcement of environmental regulations. Policy, legislative and regulatory
processes need to ensure the effective participation of poor people;

Protecting and expanding the asset base of the poor. Improving tenurial
regimes
can be a highly effective means of enhancing natural resource management.
Women
play key roles in managing natural resources and are particularly affected
by
environmental degradation. Strengthening resource rights for women is a
vital
area for reform. Expanded social protection, better access to climate
information and measures to protect infrastructure and improve disaster
preparedness can help to reduce the poor's exposure to environmental shocks.

Paying attention to the quality of growth. Growth is a necessary but not
sufficient condition for poverty reduction. Countries with very similar
levels
of income and growth can have quite different levels of environmental
performance, depending on their economic and environmental policies
Countries
that degrade their environment heavily also risk inhibiting their future
economic growth. Economic decisions need to integrate poverty-environment
concerns and consider the full value of environmental goods and services.

Reforming international policies on trade, investment, global public goods,
and
aid in order to better support developing country efforts to address
poverty-environment concerns. Industrialized country subsidies that lead to
unsustainable exploitation of resources need to be reformed. Better access
for
developing countries to markets in OECD countries can contribute
considerably to
poverty reduction. Environmental standards for trade can support
sustainable
development efforts in developing countries. In the context of global
climate
change, an effective international agreement on curbing greenhouse gas
emissions
and enhancing carbon sequestration is essential.

****************************************************************************
************************

This e-discussion solicits comments and suggestions on the paper. Your
contributions may influence the final version of the paper which will be
available at the WSSD.

Contributions are encouraged on all aspects of the environment and poverty
linkages covered in the draft. However, the authors specifically request
participant contributions on the following two main themes of the paper:

1. Poverty-environment links: Do you agree that the major links have been
captured?
(RWL): 1. I gather that a more lengthy paper may exist, but did not find
it at the World Bank web site - and would appreciate receiving a link to the
full paper, if it exists.
2) The words "Indoor air quality" appear, but the word "stoves" does
not. I recommend calling special attention to the great problems in almost
all stoves used by the poor and opportunities offered by paying attention to
stoves specifically - as perhaps the single most important problem that
could be addressed at the WSSD.

Have they been persuasively described and exemplified?
(RWL): Certainly not in the summary material - hopefully so in a larger
paper.

Do you have other case studies, examples or references to offer?
(RWL): The best summaries I have seen are from papers by Prof. Kirk Smith
at the University of California - Berkeley, in reports for WHO. An
excellent summary of these was prepared for COP-7 by Professor Dan Kammen
and associates, also at UC-B.
The "stoves" list (at www.crest.org) has recently had a policy paper
submission on this topic prepared by Mr. Evans Kituyi of Kenya.
I can forward these references (and others) if not now in the background
papers for this dialog.

2. Policy responses: Do you agree with the policy proposals that are
outlined in general in the paper?
(RWL): Yes

What additional ones would you suggest?
(RWL): The stoves area can best be addressed through the last sentence
which reads: "In the context of global climate
change, an effective international agreement on curbing greenhouse gas
emissions and enhancing carbon sequestration is essential."
A major problem for calling attention to the GW aspects of stoves is
that the criterion pollutants to be endorsed at WSSD do not include carbon
monoxide (CO) - the most significant pollutant from almost all
biomass-consuming cook and heating stoves. Other significant GW pollutants
are also not included in the proposed protocols. Without this change there
will be little justification for funds to be used in what is probably the
single best low-cost way to address the GW issues of this electronic dialog.

What further detail would you add to make the proposals more specific?
(RWL): There should be additional analyses and replication of the
successful (but now dormant) Chinese stove improvement program. I believe
that the Indian government has both identified stoves as their most pressing
health and povert reduction opportunity - and closed down their existing
program. Much along these lines has been prepared by Professors Smith and
Kammen - and much has been discussed on the "stoves" internet list at
www.crest.org. Fortunately this opportunity has been recognized by the
Shell Foundation (www.shellfoundation.org) with RFPs possibly to be released
this month in the first major stove improvement program ever.

****************************************************************************
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Rama Chandra Reddy
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From psanders at ilstu.edu Sun Feb 3 08:30:27 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:34 2004
Subject: The 2002/2/2 joke
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020203121133.00c4ae60@mail.ilstu.edu>

The 2002/2/2 joke:

At the
national ballet company, the famous director of the ballerinas made a
point of telling people that throughout her years as a dancer she had
only reached the level of the understudy or second-in-line to the prima
dona (the lead ballerina). A few days ago she needed to schedule a
practice session for the top two ballerinas promptly at two in the
afternoon on the second of February 2002. So she told her secretary
to notify them to come a couple of minutes early, and to sign the message
so they would know it came from the director. This is what the
secretary sent to both of the ballerinas:

To Lead Ballerina:
Practice
is scheduled for 1:58 PM on 2002/2/2.
To tutu two, too:
Two to
two, too.

Tutu two, too

=============
Notes 1. This might be a world record
for the most monosyllables in a row to make a coherent message.
2. Start counting at the second 2 in 2002 and you will find sixteen
(16) sounds of 2 or two or to or too or tu, as in tutu which is the
classical dance dress of ballerinas.
3. There are no proper names in this message. If proper names
were allowed, then we should name the second ballerina to be related to
the family of Nobel Prize winner D. Tutu of South Africa.
4. The twenty-second of February would give an extra digit of 2,
but conventional speech would require us to say the word “twenty.”
Likewise, the year 2222 (which is only 220 years away) would not be
pronounced like a series of two’s.
5.
The joke is in English and will not translate well. However,
perhaps in other languages other monosyllable repetitions could be ever
longer.
6. This is an original joke that I have been thinking about for
years in off moments, but today’s date prompted me to type and send
it. The joke was not given to anyone prior to 2002/2/2.

7. I just wonder how fast it might reach lots of people in this
world linked by E-mail. I am primarily sending it to people that I
know and communicate with regularly, and they will be able to tell me
when they start seeing the joke coming again to them but via totally
different channels.
8. Please feel free to pass it on by E-mail or put it in your
newsletter’s joke page. But please do NOT send me a reply. I
will wait for the joke to come back to me via natural circulations.

Submitted by:
Paul S. Anderson, of Normal, Illinois, USA

Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 -
7/00
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State
University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice:
309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items:
www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

From E.KITUYI at CGIAR.ORG Mon Feb 4 02:04:27 2002
From: E.KITUYI at CGIAR.ORG (Kituyi, Evans)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:34 2004
Subject: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
Message-ID: <A68A7C0BB344D511AA38005004AA9E18CB6F7D@icrafnttrain.icraf.cgiar.org>

<SPAN
class=460560012-04022002>Paul,
thanks
for your response--sorry you had to go through many steps to have it read. There
are indeed many activities of interest to us that we could be involved in at
J'burg. As Mathew Owens of Chardust pointed out to me today, many success
stories in biomass conversion technologies exist that could be displayed. Of
more importance (I guess) is designing appropriate policy advocacy strategies
for J'burg and beyond since it is emerging that the difficulty in getting
technologies across is mainly at the political level.
<SPAN
class=460560012-04022002>
Is
there already a side-event being set up on biomass/stoves with a view to
discussing their role in sustainable development for the J'burg meeting? or
Could stovers think about having one?
<SPAN
class=460560012-04022002>
<SPAN
class=460560012-04022002>Evans

<FONT face=Tahoma
size=2>-----Original Message-----From: Paul S. Anderson
[mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu]Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 6:34
PMTo: Kituyi, Evans; stoves@crest.orgCc: Apolinario J
Malawene; Bob and Karla Weldon; Ed Francis; Tsamba--Alberto Julio; Lily
CoyleSubject: Re: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan
AfricaStovers,We all worry about
attachments. I opened Evans' document without any evident problems
(sometimes they come later, but my virus protection is recently
up-dated).Anyway, I took the liberty to copy the document and insert
it below inside this e-mail message. Some format changes might make it
look messy, the is my fault (and MicroSoft's) and not from
Evans.Footnote numbers did NOT copy at all.If hard to read,
you might want to do "select all" and then paste into Word (or other word
processor) which will bring it back close to the pages structure
intended.Content: A quick look tells me that Evans has a very
useful document that is important for understanding the fuel issues facing
Africa south of the Sahara.I plan on being at the Jo-burg conference
in early September, and Evans also, it seems. We need to prepare
ourselves, and Evans paper is a starting point.To Evans: can you
(and others) tell us more about activities of interest to us about stoves and
fuels at the Jo-burg conference? What opportunities are there for
presentations, demonstration, participations?When I previously
mentioned the conference, one of the few responses was from Tom R. who played
down its importance as being more talk than action. I can agree with
Tom. But I am still going to attend and I am hoping for more "stover"
involvement.Info item: My work duties will put me in Mozambique
from early July to mid October 2002, so I expect to be "local" for the
conference and might be able to assist a few others (once I figure our myself
the options at the Jo-burg conference.PaulAt 01:49 AM 2/1/02
-0800, Kituyi, Evans wrote:
Dear Stovers,I would appreciate comments
on the attached 3page document on the future ofenergy for households in
sub-Saharan Africa. ThanksEvans Kituyi
Energy and the Road To
Johannesburg Issues and Concerns for
sub-Saharan African HouseholdsEvans
KituyiAfrican Centre for Technology Studies, Nairobi, Kenya.
E-mail: <FONT
color=#0000ff>e.kituyi@cgiar.org<FONT
face=Garamond>IntroductionCome September 2001, world governments
will gather in Johannesburg, South Africa for the World Summit for Sustainable
Development (WSSD), also dubbed the Rio+10 conference, and sustainable
development will be the key phrase at the heart of the conference's theme.
The purpose of this summit will be to review the progress so far made by
nations in implementing the Agenda 21, identify the key challenges faced in
the implementation process, and to map out the way forward towards a
sustainable future. One of the key reasons why sustainable development was not
achieved in anticipated levels in sub-Saharan Africa over the past decade was
the poor access to cleaner commercial energy by the majority of its
population. It is imperative that most of the population gains access
to this form of energy as a prerequisite for sustainable development.
Unfortunately, the people in the region cannot achieve this on their own and
must be assisted in various aspects by the international community. One
appropriate forum where Africa could present its case is the WSSD, through the
African Ministerial Statementwhich will be the official channel for bringing
the continents concerns to world attention. In their recent preparatory
committee meeting (PrepCom) for the Summit held in Nairobi, the African
Ministers noted this general energy concern. However, their arguments tended
to be biased, focusing more on RETs such as Solar PV, wind, and increased
development of hydro, failing to explicitly recognize the role of
biomassfrequently implied in the meetings as synonymous with technological
backwardness. However, it is unlikely that a significant fraction of
sub-Saharan African households will gain access to modern, cleaner forms of
energy (mainly electricity for lighting and kerosene for cooking) as
sustainable substitutes to fuelwood in the short or even medium terms. Most
will continue depending almost exclusively on biomass. This situation is not
strongly highlighted in the ministerial report and it is unlikely thatin its
current stateit will elicit world attention on the energy poverty status of
the region. Significant Increase in Access to Cleaner Commercial
Energy is UnlikelyAfrica starts the 21<FONT face=Garamond
size=1>st Century as the poorest, the
most technologically backward, the most debt distressed, and the most
marginalised region in the world. Drought, disease, civil conflict and poor
governance make the situation worse. Consequently, Africans' quality of life
continued to erode over the last decade. In sub-Saharan Africa, 52% of people
live on less than US$1 per day and urban poverty is increasingly severe, with
about 43% of urban dwellers living below the poverty line of US$47 per month
per capita. Opportunities for employment and household level income generating
have diminishedhence the family savings to facilitate transition to modern
energy are minimal.High urbanization ratemainly increasing the
urban poor populationis putting more demand for charcoal, and by extension the
forests and other biomass sources. Although the cost of
renewable energy technologies (RETs) have fallen over the past decade, the
magnitude of the drop has not been significant enough to compete kerosenethe
commonly used liquid fossil fuel. Significant awareness of RETs has, however,
been raised in many countries in Africa. It is therefore reasonable to infer
that biomass (mainly firewood and charcoal) will remain the key sources of
energy for most of the population in sub-Saharan Africa for several decades to
come. This observation is shared by various institutions including the World
Energy Council, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the UNDP.
Therefore little change, if any, will occur in as far as increasing
the percentage of the population (both the rural and urban poor). Our
pessimism in this regard is shared by the African Union which proposes a
modest 25% increase in the number of households with access to cleaner
commercial fuels by the year 2025 (from the current 10% to the projected 35%).
This is part of the proposed objectives of the Union's widely accepted pathway
towards sustainable development, the New African Initiative (NAI).
Despite these scenarios, the African Ministers give no special
attention to biomass energy in their draft common position to the WSSD. One
can therefore assume that it is generalized under renewable energy. That the
majority of Africans will not have their livelihoods (in general and energy
poverty in particular) improved is not good news for a continent in dire need
of sustainable development. This concern deserves strong recognition by the
world leaders meeting in Johannesburg in order to deliver special and focused
responses towards energy poverty reduction in the region.Towards
Sustainable Energy Biomass Energy Production and UseThe realistic
picture that emerges from the preamble implies further suffering by the
majority (at least 65% of the population, using NAI's projection as best case
reference) of Africans as we enter the new millennium. Biomass will remain the
major source of energy for rural populations, coupled with niche renewables
such as Solar PV, provided they are affordable, reliable and a proper payments
system is established. These sources themselves are under threat from overuse,
creating additional environmental challenges. The increasing distances to the
biomass sources in many regions and the number of households that are
increasingly being conditioned to purchase their needs from markets, as well
as the ever-increasing fuelwood costs demonstrate this.The message of
this brief is that whereas efforts to promote access by all to modern
commercial energy technologies must be encouraged, concurrent agendas should
be in place for the sake of the majority who will not have the means to gain
access to cleaner energy. For the short and medium terms, any sustainable
development solutions in the household energy sub-sector in Africa must focus
on biomass energy technology development and dissemination. This includes
sustainable fuelwood production and its efficient consumption through adoption
of improved energy technologies, with sustained efforts to eliminated barriers
to access to commercial energy. Many opponents to this school of thought do
exist, who argue that nothing but leapfrog by Africans to cleaner commercial
energy should be promoted. Whereas this could be necessarily true, it is
neither practical nor realistic on a short or medium term. It is from
this realization that some institutions including the UNDP and the G8 have
been proactive at offering solutions towards accelerated cost-efficient
adoption of improved efficiency biomass conversion technologies. Others such
as International Energy Agency, the Shell Foundation and the World Bank-ESMAP
do finance studies aimed at identifying barriers to the large-scale adoption
of existing biomass technology innovations. The objective is usually the
attainment of environmentally sound and cost-competitive bioenergy on a
sustainable basis to make a substantial contribution to meeting future energy
demands. These institutions provide a framework upon which future work in the
region may be built upon through appropriate institutional linkages with many
indigenous organizations. ConclusionThe energy poverty
situation in Africa is serious and worsening, and the majority of the
population will continue depending on biomass for many decades to come. The
African Ministers recognize this well. Ironically, however, the energy section
in their joint message to the WSSD is weak on this message, hence unlikely to
trigger the world's interest and attention, significant enough for the Summit
to deliver a special deal on alleviating energy poverty on the continent.
There is still a chance, however, for interested stakeholders to enrich the
Ministerial Statement through submissions at subsequent preparatory meetings
or during the Summit itself. An urgent regional roundtable on the plight of
the majority of Africans that will still not gain access to commercial energy
for many decades to come is therefore recommended to generate a number of
balanced positions for presentation to the WSSD. African
Preparatory Conference for the World Summit on Sustainable Development,
Nairobi, 18 October 2001. ECA (2001) Transforming Africa's
Economies. Economic Report on Africa 2000, Economic Commission for Africa,
85p. Addis Ababa. ECA (2001) Ibid. WEO (2001) World
Energy Outlook 2001. International Energy Agency, <A
href="http://www.iea.org/" eudora="autourl"><FONT face=Garamond
color=#0000ff>http://www.iea.org/<FONT
face=Garamond> World Energy Council in its WEC Statement
2000. Gustafson, D. (2001) The role of woodfuels in Africa, Food and
Agriculture Organisation In Proceedings of the African High-Level Regional
Meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development (N. Wamukonya, Ed.) 1013
January 2001, Nairobi, Kenya. pp 99101. UNDP (2000) World Energy
Assessment, UNDP/UNDESA/WEC. WEC (2000) Energy for Tomorrow's
WorldActing Now! WEC Statement 2000. World Energy Council.
146p. Statement by Dr Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director, UNEP at the
African High Level Regional Meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development for
CSD 9. Gustafson, D. (2001) Op Cit. Kituyi, E. et al.
(2001) Biofuel consumption rates and patterns in Kenya, Biomass and
Bioenergy 20:8399. See various projects at UNDP Bioenergy
page at <A href="http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass.html"
eudora="autourl"><FONT face=Garamond
color=#0000ff>http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass.<A
href="http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass.html"
eudora="autourl">html G8
Renewable Energy Task Force Report. Corrado Clini and Mark Moody-Stuart
(Co-Chairmen) 2001. 61p. See website on bioenergy at <A
href="http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener.htm"
eudora="autourl"><FONT face=Garamond
color=#0000ff>http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener.<A
href="http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener.htm"
eudora="autourl">htm See website
at <A href="http://www.shellfoundation.org/"
eudora="autourl">http://www.shellfoundation.org/ for details on project
types.

Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 -
7/00
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360;
FAX: 309-438-5310E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: <A
href="http://www.ilstu.edu/~psanders"
EUDORA="AUTOURL">www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

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From JEFF.FORSSELL at ssvh.se Mon Feb 4 05:37:42 2002
From: JEFF.FORSSELL at ssvh.se (Jeff Forssell)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:34 2004
Subject: more about pictures
Message-ID: <A11397FBE741D411B2E700D0B74770E96C5A8D@exchange.ssvh.se>

I have often felt like there should be more simple drawings of how things
are done in the list.

Basic guidelines for compact pictures:

Use GIF for drawings. JPEG for photos (use some compression). See to it that
the size in pixels is not bigger than 400*400 unless there are important
details that would be lost. Most drawing programs can resize pictures. A
picture of a table of values is better that nothing, but should as soon as
possible be replaced with a readable file (HTML, text, XLS). They are much
more compact, searchable, easily imported into documents, spread sheets. A
person with an OCR program can usually transform a scanned picture (of text)
into a text quite quickly.

When using pictures in homepages try to always have an: ALT="closeup of
Junta stove chimney" >; in the <Img tag. That allows people to know what it
is about even if they can't see the picture. Sometimes an ALT text can make
it clearer EVEN for someone that can see the picture.

An example:

http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chimdr.jpg
<http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chimdr.jpg>

is a picture of a table of values. The size is 82 kb

By simply cropping it slightly and saving as a GIF file (because it contains
few colors (2!) and large fields of single colors)

It becomes only 28 kb and if "interlaced" you can see it roughly even though
it has not downloaded fully.
<<Chimdr.gif>>
If it were in some formatted text it might be down to 2 kb (guess)

Jeff Forssell (två s)
Centrum för Flexibelt Lärande (CFL, fd SSVH)
"Center for Flexible Learning"
Box 3024
SE-871 03 HÄRNÖSAND /Sweden
+46(0)611-55 79 48 (Work) +46(0)611-55 79 80 (Fax Work)
+46(0)611-22 1 44 (Home) (070- 35 80 306; 070-4091514 mobil)
Gamla Karlebyvägen 14 / 871 33 Härnösand
e-mail: every workday: jf@ssvh.se <mailto:jf@ssvh.se>
(travel, visiting: jeff_forssell@hotmail.com
<mailto:jeff_forssell@hotmail.com> & MSMessenger)
Personal homepage: http://www.torget.se/users/i/iluhya/index.htm
<http://www.torget.se/users/i/iluhya/index.htm>
My village technology page: http://home.bip.net/jeff.forssell
<http://home.bip.net/jeff.forssell>
Instant messengers Odigo 792701 (Yahoo: jeff_forssell, ICQ: 55800587)

Chimdr.gif

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From Reedtb2 at cs.com Mon Feb 4 05:54:28 2002
From: Reedtb2 at cs.com (Reedtb2@cs.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Pellet Stove Principles... (also Junto?)
Message-ID: <15c.7e16764.299008dd@cs.com>

Your response underlines the observation that we need to get together in a laboratory sense and observe all of this. Experiments by mail just don't cut it.

We need to put our heads together in an experimental week at a workshop to build an even better stove for the next day's run. That would be a terrific week, but where? My house/lab/shop is available to anyone in the Denver area, possibly Aprovecho for a week, and ???

Alex English stopped here a few years ago and things haven't been the same sense. I am now adding welding, spot welding, bending breaking and rolling to our manufacturing capabilities here. (Ken Goyen took me to Harbor Freight in Eugene and showed me his combination shear/brake/roll for under $300. That's within even my budget.)

So be sure to try to make a few days together for us this year here in Denver and if I get to Illinois I'll drop in on the Anderson/Weldon group.

Yours truly, TOM REED

Dear Dean, Paul and All:

"Starting a fire above a fire" is certainly a good idea, but will require more air and more control, depending on the nature of the first fire.
Tom,

I respond about "the nature of the first fire".

I light the gasification unit first, and it is in the lower position.

It burns with a steady, moderate combustion that is altered in the following ways:
a. I can cut back on the primary air and thereby slow the pyrolyic gasification of the base fuel to try to slow the flaming of the gasses at the top of the gasifier.
b. I currently do not attempt to reduce the secondary air into the top of the gasifier.
c. The second fire (Rocket) above will increase the drawing of air at all three levels:
1. Primary air via air-pipe to gasifier fuel
2. Secondary air to then burn those gasses in the upper part of the gasifier
3. All air (primary and secondary) into the Rocket area for combustion of the fuel there.
d. The amount of air into the Rocket area is not controlled (yet) by me, but could be controlled via:
1. tighter fit between the gasifier and the Rocket.
2. air entry via the side-load hole on the Rocket, that could be partially closed with a door or other control.

But if too tight a fit, the draw via the secondary air of the gasifier might increase too much, or even pull extra primary air via the air pipe, which would accelerate the fire.

So Tom, what do I want to strive for?

Also, I have a hunch that well heated secondary air IS a good feature, but heating of primary air is of little consequence.

Paul
Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

From JEFF.FORSSELL at ssvh.se Mon Feb 4 05:55:47 2002
From: JEFF.FORSSELL at ssvh.se (Jeff Forssell)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Please criticize this plan for a Rocket elbow type stove
Message-ID: <A11397FBE741D411B2E700D0B74770E96C5A8E@exchange.ssvh.se>

Last time I visited my wife's parents in Rwanda I made a 3 pot stove with
chimney that worked pretty well (in spite of being of the massive type). It
will be interesting to see if it is still being used. (Description of that
one can be seen on my website)

After that I tried to search the net to see what the state-of-the-art was
among those working with it. (I'm just an enthusiastic amateur, though I
have lived about 15 years without mains electricity and done most cooking
and heating then on wood stoves.) That's when I found the stoves list.
Though I don't have time to read everything that comes from the list, I have
gleaned a number of impressions that I hope to find a chance to try out when
we go down to them again in March. (Imagine what they could do with the
money the trip costs! But they want to see us too).

I am including a GIF drawing of what I hope to make.

I would like to use a Rocket Elbow preferably made with a porous material
(clay, cement, sawdust ) (though I wonder if I will be able to find any high
temp clay for the mixture that was recommended). Questions I have about the
Rocket:

The nice descriptive page:
http://www.efn.org/~apro/atrocketpage.html
stills leaves me with some questions.

In the photos there is no draft regulator. But in the drawings there is a
"door" floating from above over the intake.

Is there any best way of controlling the power? I would think just
diminishing the amount of sticks would lead to too much cooling air and
increase the attention necessary by the cook. I would usually strangle the
input air for low power simmering. One problem is what one does with long
sticks that are in the way. I thought maybe one could work at the other end:
Have a small or wider gap between the pot and stove top.

I also am not sure of dimensioning questions:

would there be anything wrong with having the horizontal pipe
slightly larger than the vertical one (inner diam of horiz. = outer diameter
of vertical)? I was thinking of making them as two pieces and the vertical
pipe would be put into a hole in the side of the horizontal one.

The metal plate under the firewood is supposed to let in air and
preheat it some: How far in should it extend? In the picture is seems to end
at the Beginning of vertical pipe. If the plate is to capture heat to
preheat the input air I would think it might be best to continue in under
the flames some, nad perhaps have perforations.

I've made a attached sketch (GIF only 11 kb) of what it could look like.

1. top view of pot support ring with possible spiral ridges to
increase turbulence
2. high ridge pot support ring for high power (greater air flow)
3. low ridge pot support ring for low power (restricted air flow,
increased pot contact)
4. low ridge wok-type pot support ring
5. containment box for insulating and supporting Rocket Elbow (filled
with wood ash)
6. vertical tube for elbow
7. horizontal tub with cutout for vertical tube
8. sloping front side to allow simply laying a baffle against it to
control inlet air or help maintain heat for easy lighting, tinder drying
9. metal piece under fuel (flattened tin can?) extending under fire
with holes
10. end view from feeding end of elbow
11. shield around:
12. most common type of pot

The family uses MANY sizes of cylindrical spun aluminum pots. I would
probably try to make at least one shield for the most often used size to
keep hot gases along the sides of the pot.

Jeff Forssell (två s)
Centrum för Flexibelt Lärande (CFL, fd SSVH)
"Center for Flexible Learning"
Box 3024
SE-871 03 HÄRNÖSAND /Sweden
+46(0)611-55 79 48 (Work) +46(0)611-55 79 80 (Fax Work)
+46(0)611-22 1 44 (Home) (070- 35 80 306; 070-4091514 mobil)
Gamla Karlebyvägen 14 / 871 33 Härnösand
e-mail: every workday: jf@ssvh.se <mailto:jf@ssvh.se>
(travel, visiting: jeff_forssell@hotmail.com
<mailto:jeff_forssell@hotmail.com> & MSMessenger)
Personal homepage: http://www.torget.se/users/i/iluhya/index.htm
<http://www.torget.se/users/i/iluhya/index.htm>
My village technology page: http://home.bip.net/jeff.forssell
<http://home.bip.net/jeff.forssell>
Instant messengers Odigo 792701 (Yahoo: jeff_forssell, ICQ: 55800587)

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From JEFF.FORSSELL at ssvh.se Mon Feb 4 05:59:54 2002
From: JEFF.FORSSELL at ssvh.se (Jeff Forssell)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: SV: Please criticize this plan for a Rocket elbow type stove; (Missing picture)
Message-ID: <A11397FBE741D411B2E700D0B74770E96C5A8F@exchange.ssvh.se>

<<rocketStoveJf.gif>>
somehow the picture got left out.

Sorry

Jeff Forssell

rocketStoveJf.gif

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Mon Feb 4 09:10:20 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Asia Regional Cookstove Program-Planning Technical Advisory Meeting
In-Reply-To: <0GQZ007LPM1U4R@egraine.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020204125625.01b43bd0@mail.ilstu.edu>

Stovers,

The message below has good info about ARECOP

I opened and copied the two attachments. (some formating loss,
maybe, but we seem to prefer no attachments.)

Apart from the lead given by AD Karve last week, this is the first info I
have about this wonderful organization. It seems that ONE of their
ARECOP members is on the Stoves list serve (Hello to Erwan).
Erwan, we would like to hear more from you.

How many other organizations (or active individuals) are out there and we
do not know of them?

We REALLY do need to get our network more clearly identified.

For example, I have my own mini-list of extra people to whom I send
selected Stoves messages. The list includes some Rotarian friends
in Illinois and a couple of contacts in Mozambique. If I hear
anything from them that needs passing, I pass it on to the Stoves
list.

Please note that China is NOT on the list of countries listed in
Christina's message. We need a "China watcher" even if
the person is not in China. Just an example.

Enjoy the info below.

Paul

At 09:34 AM 2/4/02 +0700, Christina A wrote:
Dear Mr. Anderson,

Thank you for writing. We, ARECOP has also been actively involved in

the stove list and we find it very informative and also help us getting

a lot of information on cook stove development and also new research

activities in the field of improved cook stove. My colleague Erwan is

actually the one active in the stove list.

You must have known that ARECOP is a Asia regional cook stove
program, a network covering 12 countries in Asia but focusing its
activities mainly in 7 countries meaning to say that ARECOP
established 7 national network in the 7 countries in partnership with

local NGO that has been involved in ICS. Those countries are
Indonesia, Philippines, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and

Vietnam.

As a regional network secretariat, ARECOP try to get as much inputs

as possible for its activities and this is accomodate through the
Planning Technical Advisory (PTA) meeting that we held every two
years. In this meeting we usually invite our most active members and

partners in the region as well as potential organizations that are of

similar activities to see how we can synergize our resources for the

benefit of the advancement of improved cookstove program and how
the program can benefit the needy ones.

The meeting that we are going to have in Nepal is the second of our

phase 2 that starts in Dec 1999. The first PTA meeting was held in
Bangkok in June 2000.

We appreciate that you and those in the stove list are interested in

our meeting and we certainly welcome your participation as we are
sure that your participation in the meeting will enrich ARECOP and
its network in terms of knowledge as well as experiences that will
eventually enahnce and improve our regional as well as respective
national activities.

Unfortunately, our resources for the meeting is very limited that we

can only provide support for a number of our members. DEspite of
our limitation, of course we very much expect as many partners as
possible to participate in our regional planning meeting. Herewith I

enclosed on attachment the TOR and invitation to ARECOP second
regional PTA meeting.

Thank you for your cooperation and kind attention.

Sincerely,

Christina Aristanti
ARECOP manager
The following section of this message contains
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If you are using Pegasus Mail, or any another MIME-compliant
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Terms of Reference
ARECOP Phase 2
Second Planning-Technical-Advisory Meeting

As a regional network, ARECOP put high priority to the needs
of the region and this can only happen with continuous and consistent
input from the network members and ARECOP partners and this is done
through Planning Technical Advisory (PTA) Meetings. The purpose of PTA
meetings are multiple, but generally they serve as a concrete means and
opportunity for the ARECOP secretariat and the leading ARECOP network
organizations and partners to meet, discuss the needs and development of
improved cookstove program in the region, and to create concrete
objectives and plans for the future of the network and for the benefit of
Improved Cookstove Program (ICP) development in the region. PTA meetings
are one way that we can make sure that the directions of improved
cookstove programs and ARECOP activities are determined cooperatively by
the network members.

The Asia Regional Cookstove Program (ARECOP) has started being active
again since December 1999. It was earmarked by the Planning Technical
Advisory (PTA) meeting held in Bangkok, Thailand in July 2000. The first
PTA meeting of ARECOP phase 2 was attended by ARECOP partners in the
region such as RWEDP, PDI, etc, and most active ARECOP network members
and Representatives of the Country Contact Points (CCPs).

During the fist PTA meeting, the following are recommended :

1. Information
· ARECOP
should solicit, compile and disseminate information on ICSP

a)      Basic
information on ICP
b)      Development,
implementation and evaluation of ICSP in new member countries
c)      Health related
and environmental concerns/benefits
d)      Economic
benefits
e)      Simplified
M&E tool
f)      Gender
g)      Techniques,
approaches, technologies (designs and models)

·       Strengthen
ICS information center
·       Document
and Publish best practices
·       Create
a database of experts in member countries
·       Support
CCPs in the production of publications (newsletter, translation works,
case studies etc)

2. Donor/funding
/Resource
· For
resource allocation, ARECOP should :

a)      Match resources
with programs/activities
b)      Share
information about different international resources and donors
c)      Facilitate the
integration of ICSP in other development programs

ARECOP should also :
·       Organize
a donor forum
·       Facilitate
a dialog between donors and ARECOP
members
·       Lobby
among international donors and regional donors to give financial support
to national ICSP
·       Provide
back up support for development of good proposal

3.      Monitoring &
Evaluation (M&E)
·       On
tools and guidelines in M&E, ARECOP should :
a)      develop
general/standard guideline/manual on M&E which can be adapted by
member countries
b)      conduct a
regional workshop on standard M&E indicators for ICSP

4. Addressing
common regional issues
· Regarding
health issues, ARECOP should facilitate the linkage of national health
studies with international research agencies

·       Regarding
climate change, ARECOP should assist member countries to get access to
information/know how (e.g. on Clean Development Mechanism) and link
members to resources that will enhance funding for climate change
research and prevention.
·       Provide
training
·       Facilitate
ICS program related to environment and
health
·Provide guidelines, document regional
experiences (from member countries) and organize training for integration
of various issues (health, gender ,climate) into ICSP

5. Capacity
building

ARECOP should:
· Conduct
training/seminar/workshop/ and facilitate exchange of expertise,
through these means:

a)      Organizing a
regional training, follow up national programs (technical and systematic
sharing of expertise)
b)      Support CCPs in
organizing training/workshop/seminar
c)      Provide training
on technical and programmatic skills and support exchange of experts
d)      Organizing a
follow up training-workshop of TOT which was held in Lombok to share
countries’ experiences on national training and undertake follow up
programs
e)      ARECOP can
appoint experts from the data base according to needs expressed by member
countries

· facilitate
transfer of technologies/disseminate various technologies among
partners
· support
the establishment of ICS testing center

a) to facilitate
development of new design in participatory way
b) to develop
capacity of local experts/ producers

· support
CCP to undertake innovative programs
· support
CCP in undertaking research / studies

6. Networking

· Institutional
cooperation (national, regional and international)

· Strengthening
Networking on ICSP (expanding
membership)
· Help
establish national network center on ICS and facilitate exchange of
information through various media

7. Vision
· Start
thinking beyond 2003

After almost two years of its operation, ARECOP Secretariat and the
network may have been able to fulfill some of the recommendations but not
all. Therefore, it is high time to have the second PTA meeting in this
phase 2 so that the network will have the chance to share experiences and
ICS development in the various regions especially with the establishment
of the national network as well as to see and monitor the progress of
ICSP in the region. Thus, if there is anything lacking, need some changes
or additional activities important to be conducted to address the region
needs, ARECOP members together with the secretariat may have the
opportunity to do so.

The objectives of this PTA meeting are as follows:

· To
provide the network members with an update on the status and directions
of ARECOP as well as the outcome of the previous years.

· To
provide the network members with an update on the status of ICP in each
of ARECOP member countries represented, especially the focused
countries.

· To
discuss on ARECOP vision and direction for ICP and its plan of activities
to match to ICP development trend in the region.

The participants of the PTA meeting will be leading NGOs in the country
involved in ICPs that will be identified by the ARECOP secretariat in
consultation with ARECOP partners and CCP and, ARECOP partners in the
region government and non-government. Representatives are expected to
come from ARECOP active member countries namely : Indonesia, Thailand,
Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. In
addition, ARECOP also invite partners in the region such as ENERGIA,
VECP, ICIMOD, PDI, CFSP, Approtech Asia, and other international
organizations.

PTA meeting Venue

F       The
second PTA meeting of ARECOP phase 2 will be held at Dhulikel Lodge at
Dhulikel, Nepal tentatively from 13 16 March 2002
F       CRT,
ARECOP CCP Nepal will host the PTA meeting.
F       Further
detail of the venue will be informed once participants are
confirmed

******************

Dear Stovers,

Subject : Invitation to ARECOP PTA meeting 2002

ARECOP has been active in the past two years. In these two years
many activities have been conducted in the region, especially in the 7
focus countries where national programs have been established. It is
therefore a high time for us to review the progress of Improved Cookstove
Program in our region and at the same time to look at the latest
development in Asia and in the world that may influence as well as
affected ICS program development especially in the Asia region. We also
need to see what still need to be done and to plan together the future of
ARECOP.

ARECOP as a forum of organizations involved in ICP always emphasize the
importance of full participation of its members in order to assist the
secretariat to define approach and strategies as well as activities to
suit the needs and development of ICP in the network region.

It is in this regard that ARECOP secretariat would like to invite you to
participate in the Planning-Technical-Advisory-Meeting to
be held in Dhulikel, Nepal. The meeting will be held :

Dates : March 13 16, 2002
Venue :
Dhulikhel Lodge Resort

Dhulikhel, Nepal

Phone : 011 61114, 61494

For your information enclosed please find the TOR of the PTA meeting.

The ARECOP Secretariat really wish that you can participate in the PTA
meeting as your knowledge and experience will be valuable inputs for the
Secretariat and for the Network.

As March is approaching soon and we need to make necessary administrative
arrangement and logistic, please notify at your earliest convenient
whether you will be able to participate in the PTA meeting by filling in
the form and return it to the Secretariat either by e-mail
(arecop@yogya.wasantara.net.id
or
arecop@ydd.org)
or by fax : 62-274-885423.

Looking forward to
hearing from you and thank you for your attention and cooperation

Sincerely,

Christina Aristanti
ARECOP, Manager

ARECOP PHASE 2

SECOND PLANNING-TECHNICAL-ADVISORY MEETING
March 13 - 16
Dhulikhel, Nepal

Name            :
…………………………………………………………….
Organization    :
…………………………………………………………….
Address : …………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………….
Phone           :
…………………………………………………………….
Fax             :
…………………………………………………………….
E-mail          :
…………………………………………………………….

Please choose by putting a tick in the box

q Please
book me at Dhulikhel Lodge Resort at (single/double)* room
q No,
I will arrange my own accommodation

Special food preference
q       Vegetarian
q       Muslim
food
q       none

Sincerely,

…………………….

---- File information -----------
File:
tor-pta2.doc
Date: 9 Jan 2002, 16:05
Size: 45568 bytes.
Type: Unknown

The following section of this message contains a file attachment
prepared for transmission using the Internet MIME message format.
If you are using Pegasus Mail, or any another MIME-compliant
system,
you should be able to save it or view it from within your mailer.
If you cannot, please ask your system administrator for assistance.

---- File information -----------
File:
invitation.doc
Date: 2 Feb 2002, 11:59
Size: 35840 bytes.
Type: Unknown

Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 -
7/00
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State
University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice:
309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items:
www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

From ronallarson at qwest.net Mon Feb 4 09:50:33 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Fw: [env-rio-10] Increasing attention to stoves
Message-ID: <004601c1adb5$bae76fe0$70f76641@computer>

Stovers:

My Saturday World Bank "Rio+10" message to "stoves" went out today from
the World Bank moderator, where Mr. Reddy's first part answered my question
about finding the full paper
(http://wbweb4.worldbank.org/nars/eworkspace/ews004/mydevforum1.asp)

. I haven't read it yet, but it is 58 pages long. The URL is also below.

As I quoted on Saturday:
'1. To join the discussion and set mail preferences go to:

http://vx.worldbank.org/cgi-bin/lyris.pl?enter=env-rio-10"

Ron

----- Original Message -----
From: Ronal W. Larson <ronallarson@qwest.net>
To: Linking Poverty Reduction and Environmental and opportunities
<env-rio-10@lists.worldbank.org>
Sent: Saturday, February 02, 2002 5:22 PM
Subject: [env-rio-10] Increasing attention to stoves

> Moderator (RReddy): A full text of the paper may be accessed under
> the Background paper at the following URL:-
>
> http://wbweb4.worldbank.org/nars/eworkspace/ews004/mydevforum1.asp
>
> ---------------------------------
>
> 1. Poverty-environment links: Do you agree that the major links have
> been captured?

> (RWL): 1. I gather that a more lengthy paper may exist, but did not find

-
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From psanders at ilstu.edu Mon Feb 4 09:58:23 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020204134835.00c491f0@mail.ilstu.edu>

Dear Evans,

When I attended the Rio conference in 1992, I noticed 3 levels of
activity (at least). One is the political bigwigs. Second is
the Fair-like setting with booths by NGOs and others with displays of
projects, etc.. The Third was a whole array of what I will call
"Related Conferences" about specific topics, including academic
presentations and panels and resolutions, etc. I attended and
presented at one of them (on remote sensing) and the program was
finalized only a month or 2 ahead of the event. There was a
"sponsor" (or more than one) that set up the one or two day
meeting. We are still seven (7) months ahead of the Jo-burg World
Conference dates which are 2 through 11 September 2002.

I know of NO such initiative for stoves or biomass, but I would think
that such a meeting would be HIGHLY APPROPRIATE.

Therefore, I call on all Stovers everywhere to think of who and how we
could get something going (or find a "like-minded" group that
is already part-way there to having a venue and program.)

I am reminded that the biomass conference for this past September was
cancelled and was never held.

I look to Ron for some leadership in this, but many others also know the
players to have something happen. The Jo-burg Conference is a REAL
media event !!!!!!

Currently, we have Ron and Evans and Paul all planning to attend. I
know that I will have some major "Juntos Stove" stuff to show
by then (but I will not be holding it back from the Stoves list until
then.)

WHO will come from ARECOP? How could southern Asia NOT have someone
there about stoves and biomass?

And who from Europe, and .............

As ever,

Paul

At 04:07 AM 2/4/02 -0800, Kituyi, Evans wrote:
Paul,
thanks for your response--sorry
you had to go through many steps to have it read. There are indeed many
activities of interest to us that we could be involved in at J'burg. As
Mathew Owens of Chardust pointed out to me today, many success stories in
biomass conversion technologies exist that could be displayed. Of more
importance (I guess) is designing appropriate policy advocacy strategies
for J'burg and beyond since it is emerging that the difficulty in getting
technologies across is mainly at the political level.

Is there already a side-event
being set up on biomass/stoves with a view to discussing their role in
sustainable development for the J'burg meeting? or Could stovers think
about having one?

Evans

-----Original Message-----
From: Paul S. Anderson
[mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu]
Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 6:34 PM
To: Kituyi, Evans; stoves@crest.org
Cc: Apolinario J Malawene; Bob and Karla Weldon; Ed Francis;
Tsamba--Alberto Julio; Lily Coyle
Subject: Re: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan
Africa

Stovers,

We all worry about attachments. I opened Evans' document
without any evident problems (sometimes they come later, but my virus
protection is recently up-dated).

Anyway, I took the liberty to copy the document and insert it below
inside this e-mail message. Some format changes might make it look
messy, the is my fault (and MicroSoft's) and not from Evans.

Footnote numbers did NOT copy at all.

If hard to read, you might want to do "select all" and then
paste into Word (or other word processor) which will bring it back close
to the pages structure intended.

Content: A quick look tells me that Evans has a very useful
document that is important for understanding the fuel issues facing
Africa south of the Sahara.

I plan on being at the Jo-burg conference in early September, and
Evans also, it seems. We need to prepare ourselves, and Evans paper
is a starting point.

When I previously mentioned the conference, one of the few responses
was from Tom R. who played down its importance as being more talk than
action. I can agree with Tom. But I am still going to attend
and I am hoping for more "stover" involvement.

Info item: My work duties will put me in Mozambique from early
July to mid October 2002, so I expect to be "local" for the
conference and might be able to assist a few others (once I figure our
myself the options at the Jo-burg conference.

Paul

At 01:49 AM 2/1/02 -0800, Kituyi, Evans
wrote:
Dear Stovers,
I would appreciate comments on the attached 3page document on the
future of
energy for households in sub-Saharan Africa. Thanks

Evans Kituyi

Energy and the Road To Johannesburg
Issues and Concerns for sub-Saharan African Households

Evans Kituyi
African Centre for Technology Studies, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail:
e.kituyi@cgiar.org

Introduction

Come September 2001, world governments will gather in Johannesburg,
South Africa for the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD),
also dubbed the Rio+10 conference, and sustainable development will
be the key phrase at the heart of the conference's theme. The purpose of
this summit will be to review the progress so far made by nations in
implementing the Agenda 21, identify the key challenges faced in the
implementation process, and to map out the way forward towards a
sustainable future. One of the key reasons why sustainable development
was not achieved in anticipated levels in sub-Saharan Africa over the
past decade was the poor access to cleaner commercial energy by the
majority of its population.

It is imperative that most of the population gains access to this
form of energy as a prerequisite for sustainable development.
Unfortunately, the people in the region cannot achieve this on their own
and must be assisted in various aspects by the international community.
One appropriate forum where Africa could present its case is the WSSD,
through the African Ministerial Statementwhich will be the official
channel for bringing the continents concerns to world attention. In their
recent preparatory committee meeting (PrepCom) for the Summit held in
Nairobi, the African Ministers noted this general energy concern.
However, their arguments tended to be biased, focusing more on RETs such
as Solar PV, wind, and increased development of hydro, failing to
explicitly recognize the role of biomassfrequently implied in the
meetings as synonymous with technological backwardness.

Significant Increase in Access to Cleaner Commercial Energy is
Unlikely

Africa starts the
21st
Century as the poorest, the most technologically backward, the most debt
distressed, and the most marginalised region in the world. Drought,
disease, civil conflict and poor governance make the situation worse.
Consequently, Africans' quality of life continued to erode over the last
decade. In sub-Saharan Africa, 52% of people live on less than US$1 per
day and urban poverty is increasingly severe, with about 43% of urban
dwellers living below the poverty line of US$47 per month per capita.
Opportunities for employment and household level income generating have
diminishedhence the family savings to facilitate transition to modern
energy are minimal.

High urbanization ratemainly increasing the urban poor populationis
putting more demand for charcoal, and by extension the forests and other
biomass sources. Although the cost of renewable
energy technologies (RETs) have fallen over the past decade, the
magnitude of the drop has not been significant enough to compete
kerosenethe commonly used liquid fossil fuel. Significant awareness of
RETs has, however, been raised in many countries in Africa. It is
therefore reasonable to infer that biomass (mainly firewood and charcoal)
will remain the key sources of energy for most of the population in
sub-Saharan Africa for several decades to come. This observation is
shared by various institutions including the World Energy Council, the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the UNDP.

Therefore little change, if any, will occur in as far as increasing
the percentage of the population (both the rural and urban poor). Our
pessimism in this regard is shared by the African Union which proposes a
modest 25% increase in the number of households with access to cleaner
commercial fuels by the year 2025 (from the current 10% to the projected
35%). This is part of the proposed objectives of the Union's widely
accepted pathway towards sustainable development, the New African
Initiative (NAI).

Despite these scenarios, the African Ministers give no special
attention to biomass energy in their draft common position to the WSSD.
One can therefore assume that it is generalized under renewable energy.
That the majority of Africans will not have their livelihoods (in general
and energy poverty in particular) improved is not good news for a
continent in dire need of sustainable development. This concern deserves
strong recognition by the world leaders meeting in Johannesburg in order
to deliver special and focused responses towards energy poverty reduction
in the region.

Towards Sustainable Energy Biomass Energy Production and Use

The realistic picture that emerges from the preamble implies further
suffering by the majority (at least 65% of the population, using NAI's
projection as best case reference) of Africans as we enter the new
millennium. Biomass will remain the major source of energy for rural
populations, coupled with niche renewables such as Solar PV, provided
they are affordable, reliable and a proper payments system is
established. These sources themselves are under threat from overuse,
creating additional environmental challenges. The increasing distances to
the biomass sources in many regions and the number of households that are
increasingly being conditioned to purchase their needs from markets, as
well as the ever-increasing fuelwood costs demonstrate this.

The message of this brief is that whereas efforts to promote access
by all to modern commercial energy technologies must be encouraged,
concurrent agendas should be in place for the sake of the majority who
will not have the means to gain access to cleaner energy. For the short
and medium terms, any sustainable development solutions in the household
energy sub-sector in Africa must focus on biomass energy technology
development and dissemination. This includes sustainable fuelwood
production and its efficient consumption through adoption of improved
energy technologies, with sustained efforts to eliminated barriers to
access to commercial energy. Many opponents to this school of thought do
exist, who argue that nothing but leapfrog by Africans to cleaner
commercial energy should be promoted. Whereas this could be necessarily
true, it is neither practical nor realistic on a short or medium term.

It is from this realization that some institutions including the UNDP
and the G8 have been proactive at offering solutions towards accelerated
cost-efficient adoption of improved efficiency biomass conversion
technologies. Others such as International Energy Agency, the Shell
Foundation and the World Bank-ESMAP do finance studies aimed at
identifying barriers to the large-scale adoption of existing biomass
technology innovations. The objective is usually the attainment of
environmentally sound and cost-competitive bioenergy on a sustainable
basis to make a substantial contribution to meeting future energy
demands. These institutions provide a framework upon which future work in
the region may be built upon through appropriate institutional linkages
with many indigenous organizations.

Conclusion

The energy poverty situation in Africa is serious and worsening, and
the majority of the population will continue depending on biomass for
many decades to come. The African Ministers recognize this well.
Ironically, however, the energy section in their joint message to the
WSSD is weak on this message, hence unlikely to trigger the world's
interest and attention, significant enough for the Summit to deliver a
special deal on alleviating energy poverty on the continent. There is
still a chance, however, for interested stakeholders to enrich the
Ministerial Statement through submissions at subsequent preparatory
meetings or during the Summit itself. An urgent regional roundtable on
the plight of the majority of Africans that will still not gain access to
commercial energy for many decades to come is therefore recommended to
generate a number of balanced positions for presentation to the
WSSD.

African Preparatory Conference for the World Summit on
Sustainable Development, Nairobi, 18 October 2001.
ECA (2001) Transforming Africa's Economies. Economic Report on
Africa 2000, Economic Commission for Africa, 85p. Addis Ababa.
ECA (2001) Ibid.
WEO (2001) World Energy Outlook 2001. International Energy
Agency,
http://www.iea.org/
World Energy Council in its WEC Statement 2000.
Gustafson, D. (2001) The role of woodfuels in Africa, Food and
Agriculture Organisation In Proceedings of the African High-Level
Regional Meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development (N. Wamukonya,
Ed.) 1013 January 2001, Nairobi, Kenya. pp 99101.
UNDP (2000) World Energy Assessment, UNDP/UNDESA/WEC.
WEC (2000) Energy for Tomorrow's WorldActing Now! WEC Statement
2000. World Energy Council. 146p.
Statement by Dr Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director, UNEP at the
African High Level Regional Meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development
for CSD 9.
Gustafson, D. (2001) Op Cit.
Kituyi, E. et al. (2001) Biofuel consumption rates and patterns
in Kenya, Biomass and Bioenergy 20:8399.
See various projects at UNDP Bioenergy page at
http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass.html
G8 Renewable Energy Task Force Report. Corrado Clini and Mark
Moody-Stuart (Co-Chairmen) 2001. 61p.
See website on bioenergy at
http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener.htm
See website at
http://www.shellfoundation.org/
for details on project types.
Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

From tmiles at trmiles.com Mon Feb 4 11:06:19 2002
From: tmiles at trmiles.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Stoves Archives, Web Site, Pics and Links
Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.2.20020204130140.0198f808@mail.teleport.com>

Stovers,
Stoves archives are at:
http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/

You'll find an updated version and Alex's original stoves website at:
http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
There are some broken links on the new site because not all of the images and files have been transferred.
I've posted several of the recent photos that people have posted to the list, or tried. We asked Solarhost to strip certain files to limit SPAM so if you're pictures don't make it through then that's why. If you have an image to upload send it to me at tmiles@trmiles.com
We're working toward list members being able to post files and photos directly onto the website in the future.
CREST has been moving some things around. The new URLs for the bioenergy reference pages are:
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1010424940_7.html Bioenergy
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon
These should be in the footer of every message. However some mailers strip footers.
Regards,
Tom Miles

Thomas R Miles          tmiles@trmiles.com
T R Miles, TCI                  Tel 503-292-0107
1470 SW Woodward Way    Fax 503-292-2919
Portland, OR 97225 USA

From dstill at epud.net Mon Feb 4 11:30:11 2002
From: dstill at epud.net (Dean Still)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Please criticize this plan for a Rocket elbow type stove
Message-ID: <004a01c1ae03$68192da0$1f15210c@default>

Dear Jeff,

Thanks so much for your work on the Rocket! There are many folks working on
the Rocket to improve it. I hope that with all of this activity we make
substantive advances in 2002. Dr Tami Bond at NOAA is testing for
particulate emissions/efficiency and Dr Bryan Willson is testing for gaseous
emissions at Colorado State University. Dr Mark Bryden, Iowa State U, is at
work gathering data to mathmatically model the stove. In my lab, I'm trying
to get better mixing of flame, air, fuel without using a fan by both
roughing up air before and after the combustion chamber. If you want to have
your model tested we can probably do this for you. I suspect that it should
be relatively easy to get much improved mixing because a cylinder does a
pretty good job by itself and has no baffles, etc.... The spiral that you've
introduced may do what we're looking for, clean up combustion without
disturbing draft or decreasing temperatures at the pot! Lanny Hansen built
something along the same lines a couple of weeks ago.

Can I add your name to the ETHOS contact list that helps to coordinate folks
working on Rockets?

Dr Winiarski is working in Nicaragua. My comments, a poor second, are in
your text as follows:

Questions I have about the
Rocket:

The nice descriptive page:
http://www.efn.org/~apro/atrocketpage.html
stills leaves me with some questions.

In the photos there is no draft regulator. But in the drawings there is a
"door" floating from above over the intake.

Is there any best way of controlling the power? I would think just
diminishing the amount of sticks would lead to too much cooling air and
increase the attention necessary by the cook. I would usually strangle the
input air for low power simmering.

JEFF< IN MY EXPERIENCE, AND THIS HAS JUST BEEN REINFORCED BY TESTING DONE BY
TAMI BOND, CUTTING AIR DOWN REALLY HURTS COMBUSTION. WHEN WE SLID DOWN A
GUILLOTINE DOOR REDUCING PRIMARY AIR CARBON MONOXIDE LEVELS DRAMATICALLY
ROSE. THE EXIT TEMPERATURES AT THE TOP OF THE ROCKET CHIMNEY ARE ABOUT 1400F
WHEN USING ONLY FOUR STICKS THAT BLOCK ONLY ONE QUARTER OF THE OPENING TO
THE FEED MAGAZINE. I AM PROBABLY WRONG BUT MY THINKING IS THAT AIR IS VERY
EASILY HEATED AND EVEN WITH THE 4 to 6 inch FEED MAGAZINE MOSTLY EMPTY THE
INCOMING AIR DOES NOT COOL DOWN THE COMBUSTION TOO MUCH, AS SHOWN BY THE
RELATIVELY HIGH EXIT TEMPERATURES.

One problem is what one does with long
sticks that are in the way. I thought maybe one could work at the other end:
Have a small or wider gap between the pot and stove top. LARRY REALLY
DOESN"T SUGGEST DAMPERS OR REDUCING AIR AS A WAY TO CONTROL THE AMOUNT OF
DELIVERED HEAT> LIKE IN A CAR, HE SUGGESTS REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF FUEL NOT
SLOWING THE CAR BY PUTTING A POTATO IN THE TAILPIPE, SO TO SPEAK>

I also am not sure of dimensioning questions:

THE SHELF THAT SEPARATES STICKS OF WOOD IS HELPING TO CREATE A GRATE OUT OF
THE STICKS THEMSELVES WHICH DECREASES SMOKE. ONE BURNING STICK NEXT TO THE
OTHER HELPS TO CREATE HIGHER TEMPERATURES. THE SHELF USUALLY STOPS AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE VERTICAL PIPE BECAUSE YOU DON'T WANT BURNING COALS TO
SMOTHER THE ENDS OF THE STICKS BUT IT'S ALSO BAD IF COALS BLOCK THE SPACE
UNDER THE SHELF BLOCKING INCOMING AIR. REALLY THE SHELF'S MAJOR CONTRIBUTION
IS TO SEPARATE STICKS TO GET AIR SPACES BETWEEN EACH ONE. ANYTHING YOU CAN
DO TO METER FUEL, TO GET STICKS TO COMPLETELY BURN AND NOT MAKE COALS, IS
GOOD. ONLY PUSH IN THE TIPS OF THE WOOD AS THEY DISAPPEAR. WE WANT PREHEATED
AIR BUT IT ISN'T VERY PREHEATED IN A SIDEFEED ARRANGEMENT. BETTER IN A
DOWNFEED J TYPE ARRANGEMENT BUT FOLKS DON"T LIKE IT>
I've made a attached sketch (GIF only 11 kb) of what it could look like.

The family uses MANY sizes of cylindrical spun aluminum pots. I would
probably try to make at least one shield for the most often used size to
keep hot gases along the sides of the pot.

IT CERTAINLY SOUNDS BEAUTIFUL AND I WISH YOU FULFILLING USE!

BEST<

DEAN

-
Stoves List Archives and Website:
http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
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From ronallarson at qwest.net Mon Feb 4 13:22:38 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020204134835.00c491f0@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <009a01c1add2$d9acc340$70f76641@computer>

Paul, Evans, et al

Re a message today, Paul said:

"Therefore, I call on all
Stovers everywhere to think of who and how we could get something going (or find
a "like-minded" group that is already part-way there to having a venue and
program.)"

(RWL):    1. The
dates have been moved forward to August 26 through September 4 (Although I still
see the old dates a lot). Some pertinent sites I found are:

<A
href="http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/brochure/final_brochure.pdf">http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/brochure/final_brochure.pdf

<A
href="http://www.earthsummit2002.org/ic/energy/nymeetinginv.htm">http://www.earthsummit2002.org/ic/energy/nymeetinginv.htm

<A
href="http://www.earthsummit2002.org/ic/partners.htm">http://www.earthsummit2002.org/ic/partners.htm

<A
href="http://www.conferenceofngos.org/txt/ngosubs/sustdev.htm">http://www.conferenceofngos.org/txt/ngosubs/sustdev.htm

There are some NGO meetings in
Joburg even before August 26.

2.   The big potential funding groups
that come to mind are:  The Shell Foundation, Bill and Melissa
Gate Foundation (Melissa has been spending a lot of her time on Health
Issues in Developing Countries), and the Turner Foundation (which seems to be
restricted to giving funds only to UN organizations). I'll be glad
to start these contacts - but need to know more about who is organizing the
NGO and meeting activities in J'burg. Anyone have a lead?3.
I only had time to get a start today - I found no group talking about IAQ and
health or GW relationships to stoves. But there is enough going on that
there may be something already happening, and some group with whom we can
collaborate. I just didn't find it my first search. Anyone know a
good group to work with?

Thanks to Paul and Evans for their continued
interest.

Ron

From dstill at epud.net Mon Feb 4 18:22:29 2002
From: dstill at epud.net (Dean Still)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Lanny's Rocket Wok
Message-ID: <001301c1ae2d$f6b36d80$d71d66ce@default>

Dear Friends,

Here's Lanny's Wok stove making stir fried noodles. Is this an OK way to
send photos?

Best,

Dean

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For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
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From JEFF.FORSSELL at ssvh.se Mon Feb 4 22:47:55 2002
From: JEFF.FORSSELL at ssvh.se (Jeff Forssell)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: SV: Please criticize this plan for a Rocket elbow type stove
Message-ID: <A11397FBE741D411B2E700D0B74770E96C5A93@exchange.ssvh.se>

Can I add your name to the ETHOS contact list that helps to
coordinate folks
working on Rockets?
I´m having trouble keeping up with the stoves list, (I'm working fulltime as
a teacher in Sweden) but you can put me in .

JEFF< IN MY EXPERIENCE, AND THIS HAS JUST BEEN REINFORCED BY TESTING
DONE BY
TAMI BOND, CUTTING AIR DOWN REALLY HURTS COMBUSTION. WHEN WE SLID
DOWN A
GUILLOTINE DOOR REDUCING PRIMARY AIR CARBON MONOXIDE LEVELS
DRAMATICALLY
ROSE. THE EXIT TEMPERATURES AT THE TOP OF THE ROCKET CHIMNEY ARE
ABOUT 1400F
WHEN USING ONLY FOUR STICKS THAT BLOCK ONLY ONE QUARTER OF THE
OPENING TO
THE FEED MAGAZINE. I AM PROBABLY WRONG BUT MY THINKING IS THAT AIR
IS VERY
EASILY HEATED AND EVEN WITH THE 4 to 6 inch FEED MAGAZINE MOSTLY
EMPTY THE
INCOMING AIR DOES NOT COOL DOWN THE COMBUSTION TOO MUCH, AS SHOWN BY
THE
RELATIVELY HIGH EXIT TEMPERATURES.
Thats good to hear

This sounds to me like maybe there should be an increased volume at the
bottom of the vertical pipe to get burning coals "out of the way" I sort of
expected more mention of "ash". Isn't that a problem?

Stoves List Moderators:
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From pverhaart at optusnet.com.au Tue Feb 5 01:56:38 2002
From: pverhaart at optusnet.com.au (Peter Verhaart)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Downdraft barbecue
In-Reply-To: <001301c1ae2d$f6b36d80$d71d66ce@default>
Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.2.20020205215209.00a6b8f0@mail.optusnet.com.au>

Dear Stovers,

Emulating Dean's posting, here is the Downdraft Barbecue at work, suitably
(I hope) reduced in size.

Piet

PVDDBBQ.jpg

Stoves List Moderators:
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From kchisholm at ca.inter.net Tue Feb 5 03:54:39 2002
From: kchisholm at ca.inter.net (Kevin Chisholm)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Downdraft barbecue
In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.2.20020205215209.00a6b8f0@mail.optusnet.com.au>
Message-ID: <007301c1ae4c$af14ad80$cb19059a@kevin>

Dear Peter

Thanks for your posting and picture.

Subject: Re: Downdraft barbecue

If I understand it, the Downdraft" is at the fire box, and after the
firebox, the hot gases turn 180 degrees vertical, and rise about 12" to 18".
Then they travel horizontally under a plate type top, then out the stack.

Is this about it?

If so, the vertical riser must be quite well insulated to prevent excessive
heat loss. Have you measured temperatures on the griddle surface? How thich
is the "griddle plate? How uniform is temperature distribution?

Thanks!!

Kevin Chisholm

> Dear Stovers,
>
> Emulating Dean's posting, here is the Downdraft Barbecue at work, suitably
> (I hope) reduced in size.

Stoves List Moderators:
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From tmiles at trmiles.com Tue Feb 5 05:12:04 2002
From: tmiles at trmiles.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Downdraft barbecue - Use of Photos
In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.2.20020205215209.00a6b8f0@mail.optusnet.com.au>
Message-ID: <022301c1ae57$89918e10$0301a8c0@trmhp>

Dean's 21 k Jpg photo appeared in the archives but Peter's 14 k photo did
not. (You can see uncharred versions of Peters rig on the Stoves web site.)
The only difference I see is that Dean's message was addressed To:
stoves@crest.org while Peter's was addressed To: Dean and CC:
stoves@crest.org

The mailer handles CC'd messages differently. We cause the CC by directing
the "reply" to the sender, so when you hit "Reply All" stoves@crest.org
winds up as a CC. I'll send this one to the list technical admins to see how
we can resolve this.

Meanwhile if anyone is not receving the photos or has problems downloading
or viewing embedded photos please let us know. So far the photos plus
messages have all been within 40k which is a pretty standard message size
limit.

I'm sure that we have several 14.4 kb connections on the list. I heard of
one 9600 baud connection a year ago in Southern Africa. I do not know
whether that connection has improved. I don't want to leave anyone out so
we'll continue to post these photos on the Stoves web page as the
opportuntiy arises. We'll also reprocess the photos on the page for faster
loading but that wil take some time.

Regards,

Tom Miles

Thomas R Miles
TR Miles, Technical Consultants
tmiles@trmiles.com
503-292-0107
----- Original Message -----
From: "Peter Verhaart" <pverhaart@optusnet.com.au>
To: "Dean Still" <dstill@epud.net>
Cc: <stoves@crest.org>
Sent: Tuesday, February 05, 2002 3:55 AM
Subject: Re: Downdraft barbecue

> Dear Stovers,
>
> Emulating Dean's posting, here is the Downdraft Barbecue at work, suitably
> (I hope) reduced in size.
>
> Piet
>

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----

> -
> Stoves List Archives and Website:
> http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
> http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
> http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
>
> Stoves List Moderators:
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>
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>
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> -
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> http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1010424940_7.html Bioenergy
> http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
> http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon
>
> For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
> http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm

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From hseaver at cybershamanix.com Tue Feb 5 05:15:36 2002
From: hseaver at cybershamanix.com (Harmon Seaver)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Fire on the Hearth.
In-Reply-To: <v04210114b82802b9fd44@[192.168.0.200]>
Message-ID: <3C5FF749.CD359638@cybershamanix.com>

Ah yes, I read that (and the sequels, I believe) many years ago.
Quite interesting, really. And you're right, the science of wood burning
is much more developed. There is something about fire, however, that is
also mystical. We just installed a very good set of custom made steel
(well, heavy steel frame, mostly glass) doors on our living room
fireplace, and for the first time can justify having an almost continual
wood fire going. It's amazing how much more heat we get from it, and how
much better the fire burns, than from an open fireplace.
But what I find really interesting is how hard it is to draw oneself
away from the fire, and how much time we now spend sitting in front of
it. My wife, who is a psych nurse, says she's amazed at how utterly
calming it it. I find it literally hypnotic. And I'm wondering why
exactly that is -- some sort of genetic memory created from eons of
humans gathering around the fire at night?
Perhaps that's the what's wrong with western society, we (and I use
that figuratively, since we've never owned one) have traded the homefire
for the cold electronic flicker of a TV. From the time of living in
caves until very, very recently, the hearth was the center of the home.
We need to get back to that.

Thomas Reed wrote:
>
> Dear Harmon:
>
> Have you read the book "Clan of the Cave Bear" about life 35000 years ago?
>
> Not much changed yet, but I think we're ready to understand and improve wood
> cooking many ways....
>
> Your pal, TOM REED BEF STOVEWORKS

--
Harmon Seaver
CyberShamanix
http://www.cybershamanix.com

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From crispin at newdawn.sz Tue Feb 5 05:44:45 2002
From: crispin at newdawn.sz (Crispin)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Pictures in Swaziland
Message-ID: <004e01c1ae5c$4a475e60$7ce80fc4@home>

Dear Stovers

As one of those on the farthest reaches of the internet I should speak up.
We get a 24k connection here at work in Swaziland not because of local
limitations but because it is accessed through a switchboard which somehow
interferes with a 33.6 speed. At the house I get a consistent 33.6.

I have managed after several tries to get listed on the stoves group and off
the stoves digest which is what I have been getting all along.

I did this primarily because not one of the pictures was visible on the
digest mailout and people are starting to send moe and more of them. It was
not possible to save the useful parts of a digest which includes large
numbers of copies of forwarded and replied messages, over and over as people
extend a thread by tacking their comments on the front. The pics arrive
as a mass upon mass of letters mimed and not reconstructed. Only today I
got to see my first photo from this group.

I agree with the 40k limit. Bigger pics can be sent on the side or posted
somehwere.

Regards
Crispin

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Tue Feb 5 06:47:14 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: ETHOS list and "Rocket Stove" name
In-Reply-To: <A11397FBE741D411B2E700D0B74770E96C5A93@exchange.ssvh.se>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020205101656.017d7db0@mail.ilstu.edu>

Dean and all,

If there is a separate list for those working on "Rocket-style" stoves,
please place my name and address on it.

At the same time, I ask the question about what has been discussed on an
ETHOS list that has not gone to the Stoves list readers? Is there someone
who is taking responsibility to inform the Stoves list about any
substantive items shared on the ETHOS list?

Maybe a statement about what is ETHOS and its objectives would be useful
for all of the Stoves readers.

Finally, I have previously and frequently acknowledged that the Rocket
stove has had an influence on the design of the top part of my Juntos stove.

But my current design work is with sufficient "non-Rocket" elements that I
am uncomfortable about possibly misleading people to think that my stuff is
really "Rocket" style. Although Dean has clearly stated the Aprovecho
willingness to share everything in it designs, it would NOT be correct for
people to take or share or use the name of "Rocket Stove" if really it is
something quite distinct.

We do not seem to have a GENERIC name for what the Rocket Stove
represents. So let me try this expression:

low lateral loading columnar stove, For those who like abbreviations,
that could be an "LLLC" stove, like the Reed-Larson IDD gasifier unit.

Or the distinctive features of the Rocket stove could be LLLC with
separation of fuel and air supplies, because that is important, also.

I am sure that many of us could imaging an LLLC stove variation that could
hardly claim use of the name of "Rocket Stove."

I expect to continue to say that the upper part of the Juntos stove is
"Rocket-like in some ways" or has "some Rocket-style features". I want to
give credit whenever appropriate.

Maybe some day the actual Rocket Stove with have "some Juntos-like
features". Who knows.

Paul

At 09:49 AM 2/5/02 +0100, Jeff Forssell wrote:

> Can I add your name to the ETHOS contact list that helps to
>coordinate folks
> working on Rockets?
>I´m having trouble keeping up with the stoves list, (I'm working fulltime as
>a teacher in Sweden) but you can put me in .
>
> JEFF< IN MY EXPERIENCE, AND THIS HAS JUST BEEN REINFORCED BY

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From tami.bond at noaa.gov Tue Feb 5 07:48:22 2002
From: tami.bond at noaa.gov (Tami Bond)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Fire on the Hearth.
In-Reply-To: <v04210114b82802b9fd44@[192.168.0.200]>
Message-ID: <3C601ABF.7B82D8C8@noaa.gov>

Dear Stovers,

Anyone who is interested in the role of fire in society should read
Stephen Pyne's 'Cycle of Fire' books: _World Fire_, _Vestal Fire_,
_Burning Bush_, and so on. Pyne focuses more on field, agricultural and
forest burning. He writes really well, but his books are fairly dense.

> Perhaps that's the what's wrong with western society, we (and I use
> that figuratively, since we've never owned one) have traded the homefire
> for the cold electronic flicker of a TV. From the time of living in
> caves until very, very recently, the hearth was the center of the home.
> We need to get back to that.

Both Pyne and Margaret and Robert Hazen (historians) talk about how the
hearth fire (notice same root as 'heart') has been removed from the
living room, first to the basement or garage and now even further away
to power plants. But this is a bit of philosophy-- a realm where I may
dabble sometimes, but maybe too much off the Stoves track! Respond off
list...

Tami

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Tue Feb 5 08:44:30 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Lanny's Rocket Wok
In-Reply-To: <001301c1ae2d$f6b36d80$d71d66ce@default>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020205124520.017f4e70@mail.ilstu.edu>

Dean,

20 K image not a problem, but I still wonder if we could include pictures
IN the e-mail like Tom did.

"A picture is worth a thousand words." Thank you.

But your "picture raises a thousand questions."

Not really a thousand questions, but a few:

1. Is this a "short Rocket" that is wider than tall?

2. Rocket with chimney? Is that typical?

3. Wok contact with the heat is direct to flame? or contact with hot
metal? or radiant from stove top through air to the bottom of the wok?
(cannot see the top of the stove.)

Looks very good.

Paul

At 02:14 AM 2/5/02 -0800, Dean Still wrote:
>Dear Friends,
>
>Here's Lanny's Wok stove making stir fried noodles. Is this an OK way to
>send photos?
>
>Best,
>
>Dean

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From dstill at epud.net Tue Feb 5 09:13:02 2002
From: dstill at epud.net (Dean Still)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:35 2004
Subject: Please criticize this plan for a Rocket elbow type stove
Message-ID: <004001c1ae71$949ae080$5115210c@default>

Dear Jeff,

After a 45 minute burn in a Rocket stove with 12" high internal chimney
there is an average of less than 20 grams of ash. So it's not blocking
incoming air until it builds up after longer use. We're burning kiln dried
Douglas Fir in our tests.

Expanding the space for coals at the base of the vertical internal chimney
is a good idea. Just have to make it possible for folks to have access to it
for ash removal. A thermocouple sensor right next to glowing coals shows
temperatures around 1400F so the coals are definitely helping the sticks to
burn hot. Wouldn't want to move them too far away...

Today I'm testing a 24" high internal chimney with a couple of baffles in it
to create mixing. I also have a donated catalytic converter (thanks to
Applied Ceramics!) in the top of the chimney to see if this cleans up
emissions in a cooking stove as it does in a heating stove.

Best,

Dean

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From dstill at epud.net Tue Feb 5 09:13:38 2002
From: dstill at epud.net (Dean Still)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: ETHOS list and "Rocket Stove" name
Message-ID: <004101c1ae71$95738d40$5115210c@default>

Dear Paul,

ETHOS (Engineers in Technical Humanitarian Opportunities of Service) is a
group consisting of people from NOAA, Iowa State University, Dayton
University, Seattle University, Colorado State University, etc who are
presently testing Rocket stoves trying to improve them. Aprovecho helps to
coordinate the research. The other side of ETHOS is Trees, Water & People,
HELPS International and Winrock International: organizations that promote
better stoves, etc. in Central America. The purpose of ETHOS is to enable a
collaboration between these organizations that further efforts to get better
stoves to families who need them. Research includes sending engineering
student interns to Central America. We're committed to using the first rate
experimental abilities of U.S. based labs and universities to assist NGO's
efforts in the field. I pass on to the CREST list postings that are
interesting. Both Tom Reed and Ron Larson are on ETHOS committees and were
at our meeting in Seattle so I'm doubly sure that ETHOS info will be covered
here.

Paul, I'll add your name to the ETHOS contact list.

As far as the Rocket name goes, this is a complicated subject,
unfortunately. I think that there is a U.S. camping stove that is called
Rocket. Also the Aprovecho Rocket types of Winiarski designs are called
Rocky in Guatemala, Dona Justa in Honduras, EcoStove in Nicaragua, tsotso in
Zimbabwe, Henya stove in Kenya, Infierno in El Salvador, etc. Our camping
stove made from tin cans is called the Fish Camp stove. A rose by any
name...(burns as complete) just a joke...

Naming a set of stove design principles that are adapted in many different
ways has benefits and liabilities. Inventor's pride gets folks to work hard
but it also makes them defensive. We all suffer from this syndrome at
Aprovecho!

Personally, I push the idea that many engineers have reached a consensus
about how to design most of the parts of a good wood burning cooking stove.
The heat transfer to the pot is just plain good sense. Using insulation not
thermal mass around the fire and subsequent heat is just plain good sense.
How to encourage good primary combustion is also established. Really good
stoves, at this point, can be made by not making pretty obvious mistakes.
These mistakes were not obvious to the stove designers in the '70's because
engineers and researchers had not made all this abundantly clear. My problem
now is that the governments and NGO's that build stoves have not read the
books, met the engineers, or know that a new generation of better stoves
waits to be disseminated.

The work that the STOVES list is doing rests on top of this work. And I
think that we will also eventually find that no serious and informed person
disagrees very strongly about how to reduce emissions from cooking stoves,
make a gasifying type combustion chamber, etc. Some people concentrate on
the minutiae of the thousand little problems that have not been completely
nailed down but I am constantly made aware of shared designing agreements.
At a certain point stoves, like cars, will begin to share so many proven
characteristics that similarities will be more obvious than differences.
(Actually, I think that we are pretty close to this point in time.)

Best,

Dean

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From dstill at epud.net Tue Feb 5 09:26:16 2002
From: dstill at epud.net (Dean Still)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: Lanny's Rocket Wok
Message-ID: <004c01c1ae73$6d4e3ac0$5115210c@default>

Dear Paul,
I'll answer in Caps. Gotta rush but want to get this off.

As follows:
>
>1. Is this a "short Rocket" that is wider than tall? THE FEED MAGAZINE,
HORIZONTAL TUBE IS 12'' AND THE INTERNAL CHIMNEY IS NOW 14''>
>2. Rocket with chimney? Is that typical? YES, ALMOST ALL OF THE STOVES IN
CENTRAL AMERICA USE CHIMNEYS.
>
>3. Wok contact with the heat is direct to flame? or contact with hot
>metal? or radiant from stove top through air to the bottom of the wok?
>(cannot see the top of the stove.)A SKIRT FOLLOWS THE CONTOUR OF THE WOK
UNDER THE SURFACE OF THE TOP OF THE STOVE BODY CREATING A ONE QUARTER INCH
GAP THAT CREATES GOOD HEAT TRANSFER. THIS SKIRT ENDS ONE INCH UNDER THE TOP
OF THE STOVE BODY AND HOT FLUE GASES EXIT FROM THIS SPACE ALL AROUND THE
BOTTOM OF THE WOK TO THEN EXIT FROM THE CHIMNEY OUT OF THE SIDE OF THE STOVE
BODY.
>
>Looks very good. LANNY REALLY DOES GREAT WORK,A GOOD CO-DESIGNER AND TIN
MAN!
>
Best,

Dean
>
>
>

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From das at eagle-access.net Tue Feb 5 22:41:36 2002
From: das at eagle-access.net (Das)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: more about pictures
Message-ID: <200202060846.g168khC17894@saturn.eagle-access.net>

The figure that you sent is just a scanned image of a table.
If you have a data table that you want to send. I recommend either of two
ways depanding on security or file size.

If it is OK to send an attatched file as you have just done, then simply
send your data as an excell file.

If for security reasons you wish to send the file without sending it as an
attatchment, then you can save the file from excell as a comma delimited
file. then open the file as a text file, mark the data, control C to copy
, and paste into the text of your email.
We recipients can then paste the data file into a text file, then import
the data into excell without anyone having to learn more than a few new
buttons..

A. Das
Original Sources/Biomass Energy Foundation
Box 7137, Boulder, CO 80306
das@eagle-access.net

----------
From: Jeff Forssell <JEFF.FORSSELL@ssvh.se>
To: stoves@crest.org
Subject: more about pictures
Date: Monday, February 04, 2002 8:38 AM

I have often felt like there should be more simple drawings of how things
are done in the list.

Basic guidelines for compact pictures:

Use GIF for drawings. JPEG for photos (use some compression). See to it
that
the size in pixels is not bigger than 400*400 unless there are important
details that would be lost. Most drawing programs can resize pictures. A
picture of a table of values is better that nothing, but should as soon as
possible be replaced with a readable file (HTML, text, XLS). They are much
more compact, searchable, easily imported into documents, spread sheets. A
person with an OCR program can usually transform a scanned picture (of
text)
into a text quite quickly.

When using pictures in homepages try to always have an: ALT="closeup of
Junta stove chimney" >; in the <Img tag. That allows people to know what
it
is about even if they can't see the picture. Sometimes an ALT text can make
it clearer EVEN for someone that can see the picture.

An example:

http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chimdr.jpg
<http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chimdr.jpg>

is a picture of a table of values. The size is 82 kb

By simply cropping it slightly and saving as a GIF file (because it
contains
few colors (2!) and large fields of single colors)

It becomes only 28 kb and if "interlaced" you can see it roughly even
though
it has not downloaded fully.
<<Chimdr.gif>>
If it were in some formatted text it might be down to 2 kb (guess)

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----------

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From dstill at epud.net Wed Feb 6 07:12:39 2002
From: dstill at epud.net (Dean Still)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: Fw: Rocket summary
Message-ID: <001201c1af6f$a1d7f540$6e15210c@default>

Dear Friends,

Dr.Tami Bond sends this summary of the Rocket vs open fire tests. A million
thanks to her for doing this and hopefully we'll be learning how to do
better and better!

Best,

Dean

>
>Dean, and Kirk,
>
>(Feel free to forward this to anyone who might comment.)
>Here is a summary of the Rocket results. Nothing new here, except I
>said I would give Kirk the g/MJ-fuel numbers. These are not very good
>since I do not have a way to analyze fuel, so I just used Dean's
>assumption. Feel free to forward this to anyone who might be
>interested. There will be a more full report when I finish the chemical
>analysis, but I have to collect enough samples to run batches for ions
>and trace metals.
>
>Kirk-- FYI, I did two days of testing, one where some Apro folks were
>tending the fire, and one where I was tending and measuring at the same
>time. The Rocket tests I ran have higher PM than the ones Apro ran, but
>lower CO (because I did not choke off the inlet air). My open fire
>looks better than the Apro run.
>
>PM emissions g/kg g/MJ-fuel g/MJ-deliv
>Rockets 3.7 0.19 0.70
>Open 6.1 0.31 1.4
>
>CO emissions g/kg g/MJ-fuel g/MJ-deliv
>Rockets 30 1.5 5.6
>Open 48 2.4 11
>
>The EC results were surprising (to me). I get EC/TC ratios (e.g.
>fraction of carbon that is 'elemental' by thermal method) of 30-60%.
>Kirk, when you did your China and India work, do you remember how the
>samples looked-- light brown, dark brown, black? Mine are pretty black.
>I'm sure it is because we are burning small, dry wood; larger or
>moister wood would probably have less EC. But I haven't seen previous
>numbers anywhere near 50% for EC fraction. The CW batted around for
>INDOEX results says that all 'biomass' combustion gives something like
>10%. Plus, I have recently done some absorption analysis for Chandra V
>on wood and cow dung-- the absorption is pretty small. So I feel that
>these measurements might be anomalous, but it's all in how you burn it!
>What's 'typical' practice on wood size and moisture content, or is
>there such a thing?
>
>>
>Tami
>
>
>

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From ronallarson at qwest.net Wed Feb 6 13:19:12 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: Increasing Attention to Stoves - Part II
Message-ID: <02ad01c1af65$2b43b5e0$02f66641@computer>

Stovers:

This is to follow up on the World Bank sponsored e-mail
list discussion that I have mentioned twice previously. I think there is a
chance to make a little bigger noise about stoves through this World
Banklist.  I will send the following in to that same list in a few
days, but am taking this chance to keep out of trouble by asking for references
and more specific examples of good or bad policy options for those who do not
have time or inclination to get deeply involved. Just let me know either
privately or through the list on topics you would like modified or added to see
be sent through this "official" WSSD (World Summit on Sustainable
Development) path. I do encourage multiple entries, of course.
I will try to shorten this - but need to get feedback fast as well. Thanks
in advance.

Title: Increasing Attention to Stoves - Part II

Dear Mr. Reddy

A. Background
A1. In my first response on 4 February, I commented
on your several questions as contained in the short summary you sent
out on 1 February - all from the single perspective of stoves and global warming
(GW). I have since read the full paper (<A
href="http://wbweb4.worldbank.org/nars/eworkspace/ews004/mydevforum1.asp">http://wbweb4.worldbank.org/nars/eworkspace/ews004/mydevforum1.asp).
The following sections B and C more completely answer your request for
possible additions/changes (which was repeated nicely in the very last sentence
(p35, para. 116): "Based on this wider dialog a revised version of this
paper will be prepared for WSSD".

A2. Nothing I said on 4 February needs to change.
I recognize that I am responding only in a narrow (ie cooking/heating)
fashion - but I strongly believe the importance of stoves to your
topic of the poor and environment is underemphasized - in every venue
(users, technical experts, individual governments and world bodies, the
WSSD, and this paper.) This is to try to rectify this void.

A3.    First let me state what I like about the
full paper - In part 2 (paragraphs 7- 38) your consultant team emphasizes
3 Dimensions - Livelihood, Health, and Vulnerability.  I cannot
fault this breakout of poverty "Dimensions", which contains two subparts for
each. Stoves and indoor air pollution appear (only) in paragraph 28.
Box 4 for this subsection makes no mention of household energy use in the two
examples cited.

A4.     In Part 3 (paragraphs 39 to
110), the report authors identify 4 Action Areas: I3.1 Improving
Governance (4 subsections, paragraphs 42-55) , 3.2 Enhancing the
Asset Base of the Poor (3 (or 4?)subsections, paragraphs 56 - 73, of
which only paragraph 72 is strong on stoves), 3.3 Improving Quality of
Growth (4 Subsections, paragraphs 74 to 97), and 3.4 Reforming
International Policies (4 subsections, paragraphs 98 -110). Each of these
four Action Areas are further broken into 3 or 4 sub areas, and then each of
those is broken down into a few numbered paragraphs - most of which
are a few sentences long. The use of 16 Boxes is fine.
Only 3 Figures is light for this many words. I think any policy topic
about energy use by the poor can fit within this framework of the 4 Action Areas
of Section 3.

A5    The 3 page Executive Summary
captures the main document statements (but not the seriousness of the stove
topic). The Introductory Chapter (1 page, 6 paragraphs) and Conclusions
Chapter (1 page, 6 paragraphs) are appropriately short and concise - neither
offering anything new, but also never mentioning the connections between stoves
and GW.

B. Your Question #1 (On Your Section 2)

Q1a. Poverty-environment links: Do you agree that the major links
havebeen captured? (RWL2): I unfortunately now must say
emphatically "no" (for the area I consider most important - stoves) - for these
reasons:
a. The important (and removable) connection
between stoves and GW has not been mentioned.
b. The hugely important contribution of
charcoal-making to GW is not mentioned.
c.  Important alternative household energy
approaches that would have much less GW impact are not discussed at all (solar
cookers, processed fuels, biogas, manufactured liquid fuels, etc.)
d. The many important links between biomass-burning
stoves and the poor (almost 100% overlap) is only hinted at.
e. The link between stoves and user health is only
mentioned - not documented. The cited references are not as current or
extensive as possible.
Q1b Have they been persuasively described and exemplified?
(RWL): No - examples given above. More detail given in Section
D.Q1c.   Do you have other case studies, examples or
references to offer?(RWL): Only one 1999 paper by Professor Kirk Smith
has been cited. Many more are possible - a few were given
in my response #1, and more can be given if there is agreement that more
needs to be written and I receive a request for more. The relationship
between stoves and both health and GW still needs further development; the WSSD
can provide the impetus for that much needed additional work.
C. Your Question #2 (On your section 3)
2.a Policy responses: Do you agree with the policy proposals that
areoutlined in general in the paper?(RWL2): Previously "yes" - now
I must say that there are essentially no specific proposals of GW significance -
especially on stoves.
2b. What additional ones would you suggest?
(RWL2):  I previously said that I liked the final sentence of the
summary: "In the context of global climate change, an effective
international agreement on curbing greenhouse gasemissions and enhancing
carbon sequestration is essential." I now find that almost this exact
sentence appears at the end (pxi) of the Executive Summary - but the term"carbon
sequestration" never again appears in the main body of the paper even though the
planting of wood lots to ease the work of poor women and children would
obviously be a major policy benefit.  The idea of "international
agreement" does appear in paragraphs 39 and 106 - but with no detailed
recommendations - and especially none even peripherally helpful to bringing
stoves into the GW dialog (such as mentioning the important failure of the
protocols to discuss Carbon Monoxide (CO)).
2c. What further detail would you add to make the proposals more
specific?(RWL2) Previously I mentioned a need to discuss the Chinese
and Indian national programs. Given the length of this response, and the many
months still remaining in the dialog, I will return to this topic, if it appears
others agree with the need to increase attention on the relationships between
stoves and GW.
D. Further Comments Related to this Report's Treatment of
Stoves
D1. For the benefit of readers not able to read
the full paper, here is the full text of the only real "stoves" section:

    "72. In the area of human health, there
is tremendous need for improved cook-stove technology to reduce indoor air
pollution and associated acute respiratory infections. Efforts over the past
three decades to develop and disseminate improved cook-stove technology provide
important lessons on the challenges of technology adoption among poor households
and communities. In the past, many such programmes have failed, but there have
been countries where, especially in urban markets, the new technology has
successfully taken off. The issue here as with all technology is to focus not
just on the engineering side, but on the social, cultural, financial and
marketing aspects of technical change (see Box 10)."
D2.   I like (the start of) paragraph
72.   Each sentence is strong. My objection is mainly that
this is not enough as preparation for the WSSD. I strongly urge
sentences that will emphasize the CO and particulates output from stoves,
and that CO and particulates are not criterion pollutants. I urge
inclusion of the word "charcoal". I urge mentioning options with lower GW
potential (solar, etc). I urge mention of the many problems associated
with introducing stoves costing more than $10 to $20 - and this is likely
possible only if there is no chimney (which I am pretty sure were not
part of the Ethiopian and Kenyan success "Box" ). I especially
think there is a need for something here connecting to the later brief mention
of policies that should come out of the WSSD. Frankly, without some
greater method of bringing the stove problem to the attention of the WSSD
delegates, I believe there will be little or at least much slower progress on
this important of providing additional assistance to the poor and to the
environment. The costs of making these GW gas reductions are probably as
low as anything that can be done.   And yet costs are not even
discussed in this paper, much less part of the formal WSSD
agenda.  Some of the above is mentioned elsewhere in this submission -
but I think all need mentioning here in this paragraph. Your consultants
have oversimplified both the problems and the opportunities in the world of
stoves.
D3.   Figure 1 is bothersome.
It is only a graphical representation of the way Chapter 2 is organized - but
implies causality because of the direction of arrows (and the lack of other
arrows gives an inaccurate sense of lack of causality). The topic of
stoves only appears once here (in the "2 - Health" subcategory
"Pollutants".   This would be more meaningful if other arrows were
inserted - such as somewhere showing that current stoves add significantly to
global warming (and need not).
D4. Figure 2.   Figure 2 may be
accurate in showing that "environmental" health causes are of the magnitude
shown, but I would feel better knowing that Lvovsky's data included recent work
by Smith, Kammen, and others on the importance of stoves' health
impacts.   I hope someone can provide a web site where I can check
this reference: (Lvovsky, K. 2001. Health and Environment.
Environment Strategy Papers, No. 1. Environment Department, World Bank,
Washington, D.C.) We in the stove-improvement community are strongly
inclined to believe the very recent WHO report that stoves-related
diseases (not water-borne diseases) should be recognized the principal
cause of illness in developing countries (Ref ________).
D5   Figure 3 provides some interesting
information -but I don't yet see its relationship to the WSSD.
Perhaps showing more than 2 countries would help.
D6. Stoves and GW. This last topic (of stoves adding
to global warming) is never identified anywhere in this document - apparently
the pollutant aspect of stoves is seen by the consultant team as only
leading to poorer health through Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). We in
the "stoves" community find this to not be adequate - the WSSD must be apprised
that there is plentiful evidence that most stoves are emitting a large amount of
global warming gases other than CO2 (about which we of course have no
fears). They also must be apprised that there is great room for
improvement in stove performance.
D7. Charcoal.   There should be
mention of the horrible global-warming practices of rural charcoal-making (done
almost entirely by the rural very poor).. Even worse, the only use of the
word "charcoal" is in one sentence in Box 2 quoting a Tanzanian source where
"charcoal" is coupled with the harmless words "honey, wild fruits and
firewood." On this and all aspects of looking at GW aspects of biomass
consumption, I recommend looking at calculations made by Professor Kirk
Smith (Ref. _________). There is also a need here to discuss the
hard tradeoffs between jobs and the environment for these charcoal makers - and
ways that their need for jobs can be met in a more environmentally friendly
fashion.
D7.    Non-standard
alternatives. I also am disappointed that there is no mention of other
aspects of household cooking that have significant potential for reducing
GW. One is the area of pellets, briquettes, and other forms of processed
biomass - biomass that is often anaerobically turned into the much worse GW
pollutant - CH4 (methane), if not unproductively burned in the field with
massive release of global warming gases The WSSD should also
consider such approaches as solar cookers, or prior conversion of biomass
to gases (biogas), or liquids (such as ethanol or methanol).
D8. Reasons for a Stoves
Problem.   One must ask why there has been little progress on
improving stoves. One answer is that the problem is difficult - maybe as
difficult as anything the WSSD will have to consider. The combustion
process involves hundreds if not thousands of chemical reactions - all dependent
on temperatures, time, moisture contents, type of fuel, etc. It is
relatively easy to have bad (incomplete combustion) results. But I
strongly believe that even small funding would have led to much improved stove
designs - and there has been essentially zero national or international
funding. As I said earlier, the Chinese work has been the best of the
limited amount so far supported. But to the best of my knowledge, they
never worked on the GW aspects of stoves - "only" on improving efficiency (but
"only" has been a major success).

From tombreed at attbi.com Wed Feb 6 15:07:49 2002
From: tombreed at attbi.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: Water in wood...
Message-ID: <000f01c1af67$1dedcaa0$49b2ff0c@attbi.com>

Dear All:

One of the most important variables in wood and biomass fuels
is the moisture content. Bone dry wood requires VERY little heat for
pyrolysis - possibly as low as zero!, but certainly less than 1 MJ/kg.
However, slow pyrolysis must vaporize the water (at 100 C) before decomposing
the cellulose/hemicellulose/ lignin.

The relationship between humidity and equilibrium moisture
content of wood is discussed in the book:

"Water in Wood", Syracuse Wood Science e Series. #4, Syracuse
Univ. Press, 1972).

The moisture content of wood when cut varies greatly, but can
range up to 250% (dry basis, 71%, wet basis*)

The MCDB of wood is much less than humidity and for instance
in Douglas-fir is approximately:

Humidity(%)
Eq. MCDB(%)    Eq. MCWB(%)
0

0

0
<FONT
size=2>20%                               6
5.6
<FONT
size=2>40                                  8

7.4
<FONT
size=2>60                                  9

8.2
80

15
13.0
<FONT
size=2>90                                20

16.7
<FONT
size=2>100                            >30

>23

Thus the equilibrium MC is MUCH lower than the air humidity,
PROVIDED enough time and air is allowed for the biomass/wood to SEASON. (1
season for wood well stacked, 2 months for chunks, never for chips and sawdust,
since no air can pass through.)

This is a very important problem in biomass thermal conversion
and I would appreciate any comments from our more expert lurkers.

TOM REED BEF

Thus relatively high average humidity can greatly increase the
energy required for pyrolysis, gasification and combustion.

*If Mw is the weight of water in a sample of biomass and Mb is
the weight of the dry biomass, the moisture content (dry basis) is

MCDB = Mw/Mb      and the moisture
content (wet basis) is

MCWB = Mw/(Mw+Mb).

The MCWB = (MCDB/(100 MCDB + 100))

MCDB
MCWB
0

100
<FONT
size=2>50
33
100

50
250

71

MCWB is what most people would instinctively use.
However, it varies daily. Those buying wood by weight want to know how
much wood is present, so use MCDB.

BEGIN:VCARD
VERSION:2.1
N:Reed;Thomas;B;Dr.
FN:Thomas B Reed
NICKNAME:Tom
ORG:Biomass Energy Foundation;Publication, Consulting, Engineering
TITLE:President
TEL;WORK;VOICE:303 278 0558
TEL;HOME;VOICE:303 278 0558
TEL;CELL;VOICE:303 913 2074
TEL;WORK;FAX:303 278 0558
TEL;HOME;FAX:303 278 0558
ADR;WORK:;;1810 Smith Rd.;Golden;CO;80401;USA
LABEL;WORK;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:1810 Smith Rd.=0D=0AGolden, CO 80401=0D=0AUSA
ADR;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:;;1810 Smith Rd=0D=0A=0D=0A;Golden;CO;80401;United States
LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:1810 Smith Rd=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0AGolden, CO 80401=0D=0AUnited States
X-WAB-GENDER:2
URL;HOME:http://www.woodgas.com
URL;WORK:http://www.woodgas.com
BDAY:20010315
EMAIL;PREF;INTERNET:tombreed@attbi.com
REV:20020206T233634Z
END:VCARD

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From tombreed at attbi.com Thu Feb 7 14:30:51 2002
From: tombreed at attbi.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: "STOVE IMAGES"
In-Reply-To: <95D79C0E58C91C429B002DD09D17D8E81AEA03@nt047.gtz.de>
Message-ID: <009401c1b032$bf806280$49b2ff0c@attbi.com>

Dear Stovers:

Dear Stovers and Anke Weymann:

I wrote as follows to Anke Weymann at GTZ about the BEST BOOK
I have seen on stoves yet....
>
Thank you for sending me the beautiful STOVE IMAGES
book. Please transmit this note to Westhoff and Germann with my
aappreciation for all their beautiful work.

I belong to the STOVES discussion group at <A
href="mailto:Stoves@crest.org">Stoves@crest.org (Crest = the Center for
Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology). It consists of about 300
people around the world discussion the problem of improving world cooking with
biomass.

I would like to make them aware of your book and the
possibility of getting a copy without embarassing (bankrupting) GTZ.
(Thanks for sending a copy to my colleague Joe Messina). Would you like to
make an announcement to them or should I forget it?

It is a shame to have such a great book drift into unavailable
obscurity and I would be happy to do whatever you think appropriate to keep it
alive.

Yours truly,

TOM REED
THE BIOMASS ENERGY FOUNDATION PRESS (ETC.)
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
I heard from Anke and she says they still have a
few copies left if you write her....

Yours truly, TOM
REED

----- Original Message -----
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black">From:
Weymann Anke
4556
To: <A title=tombreed@attbi.com
href="mailto:tombreed@attbi.com">Thomas Reed
Sent: Wednesday, February 06, 2002 8:28
AM
Subject: AW: "STOVE IMAGES"

Dear
Tom Reed,
<SPAN
class=584105814-06022002>thanks for your appreciation of the book.
When Stoves Images was in preparation I worked in the stove
dissemination project in Mali and we made our contribution to the book (the
picture on the cover is one of our photos we sent ) - so it's nice to
know that people like it. I'm sorry to say that Bea Westhoff died last year,
she would have been glad about your reaction. During her last years she worked
in our regional programm 'Household Energy Programme Sahel'. I try to
forward your message to Dorsi Germann and to other colleagues of Bea
who worked also a lot for this book.
Feel
free to forward your message about the publication to other
colleagues. There are still some copies available.

You
are right that the informations and pictures should be more
available. But Stove Images has been produced by the European Commission
and we don't have the electronic version. Anyway- I'll care about this
question.
<SPAN
class=584105814-06022002>
I'll
send you the journal 'Boiling Point' produced by ITDG in collaboration with
HEP, if you don't know yet.
Best
regards
Anke
Weymann

From tombreed at attbi.com Thu Feb 7 14:36:49 2002
From: tombreed at attbi.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: Tom Reed's new Email address..
Message-ID: <00b301c1b033$93e89b00$49b2ff0c@attbi.com>

Dear all:

Dear All:Please cancel<A
href="mailto:reedtb2@cs.com">reedtb2@cs.comand add=20<A
href="mailto:tombreed@attbi.com">tombreed@attbi.com(In December
@home.com went bankrupt leaving many thousand users high and dry.
Fortunately I could use my old Compuserve Email address over
Xmas...   Now back to cable - forever I hope).Yours
truly,     TOM REED     BEF
STOVEWORKS   BEF GASWORKS

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Fri Feb 8 05:28:01 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: "STOVE IMAGES"
In-Reply-To: <95D79C0E58C91C429B002DD09D17D8E81AEA03@nt047.gtz.de>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020208084832.01b521c0@mail.ilstu.edu>

All Stovers, (and greetings to GTZ friends).

If permission by the copyright holder is given, a book can be scanned and
placed on the Internet.

I recently (with help from you 17-year old son and a retired secretary)
prepared for placement on the Internet an entire book of about 350
A4 (letter-size) pages with graphics (color or B/W) into a file smaller
than 10 meg. The site is not quite installed for viewing yet.

We were using DjVu software ("dejavu") from
Lizardtech. Go to
www.lizardtech.com
for info about it.

Very powerful, great for graphics, inexpensive, and with a free downloadable reader. Just like Abobe Acrobat PDF files, you must have a reader to view the files. It installs itself very easily.

The task of preparing the stoves book (or other books) for Internet placement is quite easy and could be done almost anywhere that has a scanner and a PC Windows computer.

Paul

At 04:54 PM 2/7/02 -0700, Thomas Reed wrote:
Dear Stovers:

I heard from Anke and she says they still have a few copies left if you write her....

Yours truly, TOM REED

----- Original Message -----
From: Weymann Anke 4556
To: Thomas Reed
Sent: Wednesday, February 06, 2002 8:28 AM
Subject: AW: "STOVE IMAGES"

Dear Tom Reed,
thanks for your appreciation of the book. When Stoves Images was in preparation I worked in the stove dissemination project in Mali and we made our contribution to the book (the picture on the cover is one of our photos we sent ) - so it's nice to know that people like it. I'm sorry to say that Bea Westhoff died last year, she would have been glad about your reaction. During her last years she worked in our regional programm 'Household Energy Programme Sahel'. I try to forward your message to Dorsi Germann and to other colleagues of Bea who worked also a lot for this book.
Feel free to forward your message about the publication to other colleagues. There are still some copies available.
You are right that the informations and pictures should be more available. But Stove Images has been produced by the European Commission and we don't have the electronic version. Anyway- I'll care about this question.

I'll send you the journal 'Boiling Point' produced by ITDG in collaboration with HEP, if you don't know yet.
Best regards
Anke Weymann

From psanders at ilstu.edu Fri Feb 8 06:05:15 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: Quenching char
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020208100837.01b524c0@mail.ilstu.edu>

Stovers,

In my Juntos gasifier I produce some char. How can I extinguish it so
that I can save it?

Dump into water bucket?

Spread it out and sprinkle with water ?

Smoother? (has not worked well because small air leaks will sustain the
char burning.)

If quenched with plenty of water, with the water-soaked char have any
undesirable characteristics? Such as the popping sparks in the one
briquette I had from MZ.

Thanks,

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From elk at wananchi.com Fri Feb 8 06:18:05 2002
From: elk at wananchi.com (elk)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: Quenching char
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020208100837.01b524c0@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <001901c1b0bb$40adf600$f640083e@pentium333>

Paul;

We use a metal drum with a small pin-hole in the
tight-fitting top to prevent the inevitable vacuum from distorting the vessel. A
lid with a spring-clasp band is particularly suitable.

For larger quantities we use a drum for 30 minutes, then
spread in metal sheets and sprinkle water. Some turning may be necessary to
ensure complete quenching. If too much water is used, then the char must be
(air/sun) dried prior to use........ as we convert particulate char to
briquettes, we limit final moisture content to
'briquettable' levels.

elk
----------------------------------------------Elsen L.Karstad, Nairobi
Kenyaelk@wananchi.com<A
href="http://www.chardust.com/">http://www.chardust.com/

<BLOCKQUOTE
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----- Original Message -----
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black">From:
Paul S.
Anderson
To: <A
href="mailto:ajmalawene01@hotmail.com"
title=ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>Apolinário J Malawene ; <A
href="mailto:bobkarlaweldon@cs.com" title=bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>Bob and Karla
Weldon ; Ed
Francis ; <A href="mailto:ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz"
title=ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz>Tsamba--Alberto Julio ; <A
href="mailto:astrozen2000@hotmail.com" title=astrozen2000@hotmail.com>Lily
Coyle ; <A href="mailto:stoves@crest.org"
title=stoves@crest.org>stoves@crest.org
Sent: Friday, February 08, 2002 7:13
PM
Subject: Quenching char
Stovers,In my Juntos gasifier I produce some
char. How can I extinguish it so that I can save
it?Dump into water bucket?Spread it out and sprinkle with
water ?Smoother? (has not worked well because small air leaks
will sustain the char burning.)If quenched with plenty of water,
with the water-soaked char have any undesirable characteristics?
Such as the popping sparks in the one briquette I had from
MZ.Thanks,PaulPaul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright
Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400),
Illinois State UniversityNormal, IL 61790-4400
Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310E-mail: <A
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From Carefreeland at aol.com Fri Feb 8 08:15:19 2002
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: Quenching char
Message-ID: <73.1a80ea82.29957002@aol.com>

Stovers,

In my Juntos gasifier I produce some char. How can I extinguish it so
that I can save it?

Dump into water bucket?

Spread it out and sprinkle with water ?

Smoother? (has not worked well because small air leaks will sustain the
char burning.)

If quenched with plenty of water, with the water-soaked char have any
undesirable characteristics? Such as the popping sparks in the one
briquette I had from MZ.

Thanks,

> Paul, if you can't find a clean old paint can or some metal container with a tight lid, and the char is in big pieces, try just burying it in dry sand.
How about a ceramic container?
A clay pot with a cover on it, and wet clay or earth as a seal?
How about pyrex or heat resistant glass container?
Just cut off the air.
Dan Dimiduk

From legacyfound at hotmail.com Sat Feb 9 23:18:44 2002
From: legacyfound at hotmail.com (richard stanley)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
Message-ID: <F266fXDjlafYcHpXu6s000106fa@hotmail.com>

Dear Evans, Paul et al,
I am based in Uganda and will be travelling throughout the East and Central
Africa region over the next year following up on existing community /
microenterprise based biomass briquetting projects and encouraging new ones,
through the lead various groups we have trained.

In noting the Johannesburg conference, as kindly presented to our stoves
group through Paul, I wonder how our group could become involved and what
your requirements schedule and resources will be for participation.
The principles of our group have 34 years experience in the area of
community driven , participatory R&D, extension and awareness promotion of
appropriate/ sustainable and renewable energy technologies in the region.
We could offer you an ongoing facility for demonstrations of production be
it the basic handpress level or the more recent mechanised level and
application, whether with three stone fireplace or any number of the new
stoves out there today.

As a non profit we would look forward to possible sponsorship for attending
the conference.

Look forward to hearing from you,with the feeling that we have already met
through Richard Jones also at CGIAR,

Richard Stanley
www.legacyfound.org

>From: "Kituyi, Evans" <E.KITUYI@CGIAR.ORG>
>To: "Paul S. Anderson" <psanders@ilstu.edu>, stoves@crest.org
>CC: Apolinario J Malawene <ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>, Bob and Karla
>Weldon <bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>, Ed Francis <cfranc@ilstu.edu>,
> Tsamba--Alberto Julio <ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz>, Lily Coyle
><astrozen2000@hotmail.com>
>Subject: RE: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
>Date: Mon, 04 Feb 2002 04:07:41 -0800
>
>Paul,
>thanks for your response--sorry you had to go through many steps to have it
>read. There are indeed many activities of interest to us that we could be
>involved in at J'burg. As Mathew Owens of Chardust pointed out to me today,
>many success stories in biomass conversion technologies exist that could be
>displayed. Of more importance (I guess) is designing appropriate policy
>advocacy strategies for J'burg and beyond since it is emerging that the
>difficulty in getting technologies across is mainly at the political level.
>
>Is there already a side-event being set up on biomass/stoves with a view to
>discussing their role in sustainable development for the J'burg meeting? or
>Could stovers think about having one?
>
>Evans
>
>-----Original Message-----
>From: Paul S. Anderson [mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu]
>Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 6:34 PM
>To: Kituyi, Evans; stoves@crest.org
>Cc: Apolinario J Malawene; Bob and Karla Weldon; Ed Francis;
>Tsamba--Alberto
>Julio; Lily Coyle
>Subject: Re: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
>
>
>Stovers,
>
>We all worry about attachments. I opened Evans' document without any
>evident problems (sometimes they come later, but my virus protection is
>recently up-dated).
>
>Anyway, I took the liberty to copy the document and insert it below inside
>this e-mail message. Some format changes might make it look messy, the is
>my fault (and MicroSoft's) and not from Evans.
>
>Footnote numbers did NOT copy at all.
>
>If hard to read, you might want to do "select all" and then paste into Word
>(or other word processor) which will bring it back close to the pages
>structure intended.
>
>Content: A quick look tells me that Evans has a very useful document that
>is important for understanding the fuel issues facing Africa south of the
>Sahara.
>
>I plan on being at the Jo-burg conference in early September, and Evans
>also, it seems. We need to prepare ourselves, and Evans paper is a
>starting
>point.
>
>To Evans: can you (and others) tell us more about activities of interest
>to
>us about stoves and fuels at the Jo-burg conference? What opportunities
>are there for presentations, demonstration, participations?
>
>When I previously mentioned the conference, one of the few responses was
>from Tom R. who played down its importance as being more talk than action.
>I can agree with Tom. But I am still going to attend and I am hoping for
>more "stover" involvement.
>
>Info item: My work duties will put me in Mozambique from early July to mid
>October 2002, so I expect to be "local" for the conference and might be
>able
>to assist a few others (once I figure our myself the options at the Jo-burg
>conference.
>
>Paul
>
>At 01:49 AM 2/1/02 -0800, Kituyi, Evans wrote:
>
>
>Dear Stovers,
>I would appreciate comments on the attached 3page document on the future of
>energy for households in sub-Saharan Africa. Thanks
>
>Evans Kituyi
>
>
>Energy and the Road To Johannesburg
>Issues and Concerns for sub-Saharan African Households
>
>Evans Kituyi
>African Centre for Technology Studies, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail:
>e.kituyi@cgiar.org
>
>
>Introduction
>
>Come September 2001, world governments will gather in Johannesburg, South
>Africa for the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD), also dubbed
>the Rio+10 conference, and sustainable development will be the key phrase
>at
>the heart of the conference's theme. The purpose of this summit will be to
>review the progress so far made by nations in implementing the Agenda 21,
>identify the key challenges faced in the implementation process, and to map
>out the way forward towards a sustainable future. One of the key reasons
>why
>sustainable development was not achieved in anticipated levels in
>sub-Saharan Africa over the past decade was the poor access to cleaner
>commercial energy by the majority of its population.
>
>It is imperative that most of the population gains access to this form of
>energy as a prerequisite for sustainable development. Unfortunately, the
>people in the region cannot achieve this on their own and must be assisted
>in various aspects by the international community. One appropriate forum
>where Africa could present its case is the WSSD, through the African
>Ministerial Statementwhich will be the official channel for bringing the
>continents concerns to world attention. In their recent preparatory
>committee meeting (PrepCom) for the Summit held in Nairobi, the African
>Ministers noted this general energy concern. However, their arguments
>tended
>to be biased, focusing more on RETs such as Solar PV, wind, and increased
>development of hydro, failing to explicitly recognize the role of
>biomassfrequently implied in the meetings as synonymous with technological
>backwardness.
>
>However, it is unlikely that a significant fraction of sub-Saharan African
>households will gain access to modern, cleaner forms of energy (mainly
>electricity for lighting and kerosene for cooking) as sustainable
>substitutes to fuelwood in the short or even medium terms. Most will
>continue depending almost exclusively on biomass. This situation is not
>strongly highlighted in the ministerial report and it is unlikely thatin
>its
>current stateit will elicit world attention on the energy poverty status of
>the region.
>
>Significant Increase in Access to Cleaner Commercial Energy is Unlikely
>
>Africa starts the 21st Century as the poorest, the most technologically
>backward, the most debt distressed, and the most marginalised region in the
>world. Drought, disease, civil conflict and poor governance make the
>situation worse. Consequently, Africans' quality of life continued to erode
>over the last decade. In sub-Saharan Africa, 52% of people live on less
>than
>US$1 per day and urban poverty is increasingly severe, with about 43% of
>urban dwellers living below the poverty line of US$47 per month per capita.
>Opportunities for employment and household level income generating have
>diminishedhence the family savings to facilitate transition to modern
>energy
>are minimal.
>
>High urbanization ratemainly increasing the urban poor populationis putting
>more demand for charcoal, and by extension the forests and other biomass
>sources. Although the cost of renewable energy technologies (RETs) have
>fallen over the past decade, the magnitude of the drop has not been
>significant enough to compete kerosenethe commonly used liquid fossil fuel.
>Significant awareness of RETs has, however, been raised in many countries
>in
>Africa. It is therefore reasonable to infer that biomass (mainly firewood
>and charcoal) will remain the key sources of energy for most of the
>population in sub-Saharan Africa for several decades to come. This
>observation is shared by various institutions including the World Energy
>Council, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the UNDP.
>
>Therefore little change, if any, will occur in as far as increasing the
>percentage of the population (both the rural and urban poor). Our pessimism
>in this regard is shared by the African Union which proposes a modest 25%
>increase in the number of households with access to cleaner commercial
>fuels
>by the year 2025 (from the current 10% to the projected 35%). This is part
>of the proposed objectives of the Union's widely accepted pathway towards
>sustainable development, the New African Initiative (NAI).
>
>Despite these scenarios, the African Ministers give no special attention to
>biomass energy in their draft common position to the WSSD. One can
>therefore
>assume that it is generalized under renewable energy. That the majority of
>Africans will not have their livelihoods (in general and energy poverty in
>particular) improved is not good news for a continent in dire need of
>sustainable development. This concern deserves strong recognition by the
>world leaders meeting in Johannesburg in order to deliver special and
>focused responses towards energy poverty reduction in the region.
>
>Towards Sustainable Energy Biomass Energy Production and Use
>
>The realistic picture that emerges from the preamble implies further
>suffering by the majority (at least 65% of the population, using NAI's
>projection as best case reference) of Africans as we enter the new
>millennium. Biomass will remain the major source of energy for rural
>populations, coupled with niche renewables such as Solar PV, provided they
>are affordable, reliable and a proper payments system is established. These
>sources themselves are under threat from overuse, creating additional
>environmental challenges. The increasing distances to the biomass sources
>in
>many regions and the number of households that are increasingly being
>conditioned to purchase their needs from markets, as well as the
>ever-increasing fuelwood costs demonstrate this.
>
>The message of this brief is that whereas efforts to promote access by all
>to modern commercial energy technologies must be encouraged, concurrent
>agendas should be in place for the sake of the majority who will not have
>the means to gain access to cleaner energy. For the short and medium terms,
>any sustainable development solutions in the household energy sub-sector in
>Africa must focus on biomass energy technology development and
>dissemination. This includes sustainable fuelwood production and its
>efficient consumption through adoption of improved energy technologies,
>with
>sustained efforts to eliminated barriers to access to commercial energy.
>Many opponents to this school of thought do exist, who argue that nothing
>but leapfrog by Africans to cleaner commercial energy should be promoted.
>Whereas this could be necessarily true, it is neither practical nor
>realistic on a short or medium term.
>
>It is from this realization that some institutions including the UNDP and
>the G8 have been proactive at offering solutions towards accelerated
>cost-efficient adoption of improved efficiency biomass conversion
>technologies. Others such as International Energy Agency, the Shell
>Foundation and the World Bank-ESMAP do finance studies aimed at identifying
>barriers to the large-scale adoption of existing biomass technology
>innovations. The objective is usually the attainment of environmentally
>sound and cost-competitive bioenergy on a sustainable basis to make a
>substantial contribution to meeting future energy demands. These
>institutions provide a framework upon which future work in the region may
>be
>built upon through appropriate institutional linkages with many indigenous
>organizations.
>
>Conclusion
>
>The energy poverty situation in Africa is serious and worsening, and the
>majority of the population will continue depending on biomass for many
>decades to come. The African Ministers recognize this well. Ironically,
>however, the energy section in their joint message to the WSSD is weak on
>this message, hence unlikely to trigger the world's interest and attention,
>significant enough for the Summit to deliver a special deal on alleviating
>energy poverty on the continent. There is still a chance, however, for
>interested stakeholders to enrich the Ministerial Statement through
>submissions at subsequent preparatory meetings or during the Summit itself.
>An urgent regional roundtable on the plight of the majority of Africans
>that
>will still not gain access to commercial energy for many decades to come is
>therefore recommended to generate a number of balanced positions for
>presentation to the WSSD.
>
> African Preparatory Conference for the World Summit on Sustainable
>Development, Nairobi, 18 October 2001.
> ECA (2001) Transforming Africa's Economies. Economic Report on Africa
>2000,
>Economic Commission for Africa, 85p. Addis Ababa.
> ECA (2001) Ibid.
> WEO (2001) World Energy Outlook 2001. International Energy Agency,
><http://www.iea.org/> http://www.iea.org/
> World Energy Council in its WEC Statement 2000.
> Gustafson, D. (2001) The role of woodfuels in Africa, Food and
>Agriculture
>Organisation In Proceedings of the African High-Level Regional Meeting on
>Energy and Sustainable Development (N. Wamukonya, Ed.) 1013 January 2001,
>Nairobi, Kenya. pp 99101.
> UNDP (2000) World Energy Assessment, UNDP/UNDESA/WEC.
> WEC (2000) Energy for Tomorrow's WorldActing Now! WEC Statement 2000.
>World
>Energy Council. 146p.
> Statement by Dr Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director, UNEP at the African
>High
>Level Regional Meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development for CSD 9.
> Gustafson, D. (2001) Op Cit.
> Kituyi, E. et al. (2001) Biofuel consumption rates and patterns in Kenya,
>Biomass and Bioenergy 20:8399.
> See various projects at UNDP Bioenergy page at
><http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass.html>
>http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass. html
><http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass.html>
> G8 Renewable Energy Task Force Report. Corrado Clini and Mark
>Moody-Stuart
>(Co-Chairmen) 2001. 61p.
> See website on bioenergy at
><http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener.htm>
>http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener. htm
><http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener.htm>
> See website at http://www.shellfoundation.org/
><http://www.shellfoundation.org/> for details on project types.
>
>
>Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
>Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
>Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
>E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders
><http://www.ilstu.edu/~psanders>
>
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From psanders at ilstu.edu Sun Feb 10 11:12:28 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
In-Reply-To: <F266fXDjlafYcHpXu6s000106fa@hotmail.com>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020210151545.01b63410@mail.ilstu.edu>

Richard,

I did not know that you would be having a year in Africa. Off-list we can
explore some possibilities to get together. Please send me the basics of
your timetable of travels.

Paul

At 01:08 AM 2/10/02 -0800, richard stanley wrote:
>Dear Evans, Paul et al,
>I am based in Uganda and will be travelling throughout the East and
>Central Africa region over the next year following up on existing
>community / microenterprise based biomass briquetting projects and
>encouraging new ones, through the lead various groups we have trained.
>
>In noting the Johannesburg conference, as kindly presented to our stoves
>group through Paul, I wonder how our group could become involved and what
>your requirements schedule and resources will be for participation.
>The principles of our group have 34 years experience in the area of
>community driven , participatory R&D, extension and awareness promotion of
>appropriate/ sustainable and renewable energy technologies in the region.
>We could offer you an ongoing facility for demonstrations of production be
>it the basic handpress level or the more recent mechanised level and
>application, whether with three stone fireplace or any number of the new
>stoves out there today.
>
>As a non profit we would look forward to possible sponsorship for
>attending the conference.
>
>Look forward to hearing from you,with the feeling that we have already met
>through Richard Jones also at CGIAR,
>
>Richard Stanley
>www.legacyfound.org
>
>
>>From: "Kituyi, Evans" <E.KITUYI@CGIAR.ORG>
>>To: "Paul S. Anderson" <psanders@ilstu.edu>, stoves@crest.org
>>CC: Apolinario J Malawene <ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>, Bob and
>>Karla Weldon <bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>, Ed Francis
>><cfranc@ilstu.edu>,
>> Tsamba--Alberto Julio <ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz>, Lily Coyle
>> <astrozen2000@hotmail.com>
>>Subject: RE: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
>>Date: Mon, 04 Feb 2002 04:07:41 -0800
>>
>>Paul,
>>thanks for your response--sorry you had to go through many steps to have it
>>read. There are indeed many activities of interest to us that we could be
>>involved in at J'burg. As Mathew Owens of Chardust pointed out to me today,
>>many success stories in biomass conversion technologies exist that could be
>>displayed. Of more importance (I guess) is designing appropriate policy
>>advocacy strategies for J'burg and beyond since it is emerging that the
>>difficulty in getting technologies across is mainly at the political level.
>>
>>Is there already a side-event being set up on biomass/stoves with a view to
>>discussing their role in sustainable development for the J'burg meeting? or
>>Could stovers think about having one?
>>
>>Evans
>>
>>-----Original Message-----
>>From: Paul S. Anderson [mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu]
>>Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 6:34 PM
>>To: Kituyi, Evans; stoves@crest.org
>>Cc: Apolinario J Malawene; Bob and Karla Weldon; Ed Francis; Tsamba--Alberto
>>Julio; Lily Coyle
>>Subject: Re: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
>>
>>
>>Stovers,
>>
>>We all worry about attachments. I opened Evans' document without any
>>evident problems (sometimes they come later, but my virus protection is
>>recently up-dated).
>>
>>Anyway, I took the liberty to copy the document and insert it below inside
>>this e-mail message. Some format changes might make it look messy, the is
>>my fault (and MicroSoft's) and not from Evans.
>>
>>Footnote numbers did NOT copy at all.
>>
>>If hard to read, you might want to do "select all" and then paste into Word
>>(or other word processor) which will bring it back close to the pages
>>structure intended.
>>
>>Content: A quick look tells me that Evans has a very useful document that
>>is important for understanding the fuel issues facing Africa south of the
>>Sahara.
>>
>>I plan on being at the Jo-burg conference in early September, and Evans
>>also, it seems. We need to prepare ourselves, and Evans paper is a starting
>>point.
>>
>>To Evans: can you (and others) tell us more about activities of interest to
>>us about stoves and fuels at the Jo-burg conference? What opportunities
>>are there for presentations, demonstration, participations?
>>
>>When I previously mentioned the conference, one of the few responses was
>>from Tom R. who played down its importance as being more talk than action.
>>I can agree with Tom. But I am still going to attend and I am hoping for
>>more "stover" involvement.
>>
>>Info item: My work duties will put me in Mozambique from early July to mid
>>October 2002, so I expect to be "local" for the conference and might be able
>>to assist a few others (once I figure our myself the options at the Jo-burg
>>conference.
>>
>>Paul
>>
>>At 01:49 AM 2/1/02 -0800, Kituyi, Evans wrote:
>>
>>
>>Dear Stovers,
>>I would appreciate comments on the attached 3page document on the future of
>>energy for households in sub-Saharan Africa. Thanks
>>
>>Evans Kituyi
>>
>>
>>Energy and the Road To Johannesburg
>>Issues and Concerns for sub-Saharan African Households
>>
>>Evans Kituyi
>>African Centre for Technology Studies, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail:
>>e.kituyi@cgiar.org
>>
>>
>>Introduction
>>
>>Come September 2001, world governments will gather in Johannesburg, South
>>Africa for the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD), also dubbed
>>the Rio+10 conference, and sustainable development will be the key phrase at
>>the heart of the conference's theme. The purpose of this summit will be to
>>review the progress so far made by nations in implementing the Agenda 21,
>>identify the key challenges faced in the implementation process, and to map
>>out the way forward towards a sustainable future. One of the key reasons why
>>sustainable development was not achieved in anticipated levels in
>>sub-Saharan Africa over the past decade was the poor access to cleaner
>>commercial energy by the majority of its population.
>>
>>It is imperative that most of the population gains access to this form of
>>energy as a prerequisite for sustainable development. Unfortunately, the
>>people in the region cannot achieve this on their own and must be assisted
>>in various aspects by the international community. One appropriate forum
>>where Africa could present its case is the WSSD, through the African
>>Ministerial Statementwhich will be the official channel for bringing the
>>continents concerns to world attention. In their recent preparatory
>>committee meeting (PrepCom) for the Summit held in Nairobi, the African
>>Ministers noted this general energy concern. However, their arguments tended
>>to be biased, focusing more on RETs such as Solar PV, wind, and increased
>>development of hydro, failing to explicitly recognize the role of
>>biomassfrequently implied in the meetings as synonymous with technological
>>backwardness.
>>
>>However, it is unlikely that a significant fraction of sub-Saharan African
>>households will gain access to modern, cleaner forms of energy (mainly
>>electricity for lighting and kerosene for cooking) as sustainable
>>substitutes to fuelwood in the short or even medium terms. Most will
>>continue depending almost exclusively on biomass. This situation is not
>>strongly highlighted in the ministerial report and it is unlikely thatin its
>>current stateit will elicit world attention on the energy poverty status of
>>the region.
>>
>>Significant Increase in Access to Cleaner Commercial Energy is Unlikely
>>
>>Africa starts the 21st Century as the poorest, the most technologically
>>backward, the most debt distressed, and the most marginalised region in the
>>world. Drought, disease, civil conflict and poor governance make the
>>situation worse. Consequently, Africans' quality of life continued to erode
>>over the last decade. In sub-Saharan Africa, 52% of people live on less than
>>US$1 per day and urban poverty is increasingly severe, with about 43% of
>>urban dwellers living below the poverty line of US$47 per month per capita.
>>Opportunities for employment and household level income generating have
>>diminishedhence the family savings to facilitate transition to modern energy
>>are minimal.
>>
>>High urbanization ratemainly increasing the urban poor populationis putting
>>more demand for charcoal, and by extension the forests and other biomass
>>sources. Although the cost of renewable energy technologies (RETs) have
>>fallen over the past decade, the magnitude of the drop has not been
>>significant enough to compete kerosenethe commonly used liquid fossil fuel.
>>Significant awareness of RETs has, however, been raised in many countries in
>>Africa. It is therefore reasonable to infer that biomass (mainly firewood
>>and charcoal) will remain the key sources of energy for most of the
>>population in sub-Saharan Africa for several decades to come. This
>>observation is shared by various institutions including the World Energy
>>Council, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the UNDP.
>>
>>Therefore little change, if any, will occur in as far as increasing the
>>percentage of the population (both the rural and urban poor). Our pessimism
>>in this regard is shared by the African Union which proposes a modest 25%
>>increase in the number of households with access to cleaner commercial fuels
>>by the year 2025 (from the current 10% to the projected 35%). This is part
>>of the proposed objectives of the Union's widely accepted pathway towards
>>sustainable development, the New African Initiative (NAI).
>>
>>Despite these scenarios, the African Ministers give no special attention to
>>biomass energy in their draft common position to the WSSD. One can therefore
>>assume that it is generalized under renewable energy. That the majority of
>>Africans will not have their livelihoods (in general and energy poverty in
>>particular) improved is not good news for a continent in dire need of
>>sustainable development. This concern deserves strong recognition by the
>>world leaders meeting in Johannesburg in order to deliver special and
>>focused responses towards energy poverty reduction in the region.
>>
>>Towards Sustainable Energy Biomass Energy Production and Use
>>
>>The realistic picture that emerges from the preamble implies further
>>suffering by the majority (at least 65% of the population, using NAI's
>>projection as best case reference) of Africans as we enter the new
>>millennium. Biomass will remain the major source of energy for rural
>>populations, coupled with niche renewables such as Solar PV, provided they
>>are affordable, reliable and a proper payments system is established. These
>>sources themselves are under threat from overuse, creating additional
>>environmental challenges. The increasing distances to the biomass sources in
>>many regions and the number of households that are increasingly being
>>conditioned to purchase their needs from markets, as well as the
>>ever-increasing fuelwood costs demonstrate this.
>>
>>The message of this brief is that whereas efforts to promote access by all
>>to modern commercial energy technologies must be encouraged, concurrent
>>agendas should be in place for the sake of the majority who will not have
>>the means to gain access to cleaner energy. For the short and medium terms,
>>any sustainable development solutions in the household energy sub-sector in
>>Africa must focus on biomass energy technology development and
>>dissemination. This includes sustainable fuelwood production and its
>>efficient consumption through adoption of improved energy technologies, with
>>sustained efforts to eliminated barriers to access to commercial energy.
>>Many opponents to this school of thought do exist, who argue that nothing
>>but leapfrog by Africans to cleaner commercial energy should be promoted.
>>Whereas this could be necessarily true, it is neither practical nor
>>realistic on a short or medium term.
>>
>>It is from this realization that some institutions including the UNDP and
>>the G8 have been proactive at offering solutions towards accelerated
>>cost-efficient adoption of improved efficiency biomass conversion
>>technologies. Others such as International Energy Agency, the Shell
>>Foundation and the World Bank-ESMAP do finance studies aimed at identifying
>>barriers to the large-scale adoption of existing biomass technology
>>innovations. The objective is usually the attainment of environmentally
>>sound and cost-competitive bioenergy on a sustainable basis to make a
>>substantial contribution to meeting future energy demands. These
>>institutions provide a framework upon which future work in the region may be
>>built upon through appropriate institutional linkages with many indigenous
>>organizations.
>>
>>Conclusion
>>
>>The energy poverty situation in Africa is serious and worsening, and the
>>majority of the population will continue depending on biomass for many
>>decades to come. The African Ministers recognize this well. Ironically,
>>however, the energy section in their joint message to the WSSD is weak on
>>this message, hence unlikely to trigger the world's interest and attention,
>>significant enough for the Summit to deliver a special deal on alleviating
>>energy poverty on the continent. There is still a chance, however, for
>>interested stakeholders to enrich the Ministerial Statement through
>>submissions at subsequent preparatory meetings or during the Summit itself.
>>An urgent regional roundtable on the plight of the majority of Africans that
>>will still not gain access to commercial energy for many decades to come is
>>therefore recommended to generate a number of balanced positions for
>>presentation to the WSSD.
>>
>> African Preparatory Conference for the World Summit on Sustainable
>>Development, Nairobi, 18 October 2001.
>> ECA (2001) Transforming Africa's Economies. Economic Report on Africa 2000,
>>Economic Commission for Africa, 85p. Addis Ababa.
>> ECA (2001) Ibid.
>> WEO (2001) World Energy Outlook 2001. International Energy Agency,
>><http://www.iea.org/> http://www.iea.org/
>> World Energy Council in its WEC Statement 2000.
>> Gustafson, D. (2001) The role of woodfuels in Africa, Food and Agriculture
>>Organisation In Proceedings of the African High-Level Regional Meeting on
>>Energy and Sustainable Development (N. Wamukonya, Ed.) 1013 January 2001,
>>Nairobi, Kenya. pp 99101.
>> UNDP (2000) World Energy Assessment, UNDP/UNDESA/WEC.
>> WEC (2000) Energy for Tomorrow's WorldActing Now! WEC Statement 2000. World
>>Energy Council. 146p.
>> Statement by Dr Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director, UNEP at the African High
>>Level Regional Meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development for CSD 9.
>> Gustafson, D. (2001) Op Cit.
>> Kituyi, E. et al. (2001) Biofuel consumption rates and patterns in Kenya,
>>Biomass and Bioenergy 20:8399.
>> See various projects at UNDP Bioenergy page at
>><http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass.html>
>>http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass. html
>><http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass.html>
>> G8 Renewable Energy Task Force Report. Corrado Clini and Mark Moody-Stuart
>>(Co-Chairmen) 2001. 61p.
>> See website on bioenergy at
>><http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener.htm>
>>http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener. htm
>><http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener.htm>
>> See website at http://www.shellfoundation.org/
>><http://www.shellfoundation.org/> for details on project types.
>>
>>
>>Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
>>Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
>>Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
>>E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders
>><http://www.ilstu.edu/~psanders>
>>
>>-
>>Stoves List Archives and Website:
>>http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/current/
>>http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html
>>
>>Stoves List Moderators:
>>Ron Larson, ronallarson@qwest.net
>>Alex English, english@adan.kingston.net
>>Elsen L. Karstad, elk@wananchi.com www.chardust.com
>>
>>List-Post: <mailto:stoves@crest.org>
>>List-Help: <mailto:stoves-help@crest.org>
>>List-Unsubscribe: <mailto:stoves-unsubscribe@crest.org>
>>List-Subscribe: <mailto:stoves-subscribe@crest.org>
>>
>>Sponsor the Stoves List: http://www.crest.org/discuss3.html
>>-
>>Other Biomass Stoves Events and Information:
>>http://www.bioenergy2002.org
>>http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/
>>http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/biomass-info/carbon.shtml
>>
>>For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
>>http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm
>
>
>
>
>_________________________________________________________________
>Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp.

Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of 2001-2003
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

Stoves List Moderators:
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Alex English, english@adan.kingston.net
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Other Biomass Stoves Events and Information:
http://www.bioenergy2002.org
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1010424940_7.html Bioenergy
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon

For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm

From thomas.stubbing at heat-win.co.uk Sun Feb 10 20:57:05 2002
From: thomas.stubbing at heat-win.co.uk (Thomas Stubbing)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: Temporary 'Unsubscribe'
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020210151545.01b63410@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <3C676AA6.DF9F31AB@heat-win.co.uk>

Dear All,

Later this week I shall unsubscribe and then, after a months holiday, re-subscribe.

I shall be sorry to miss a month's messages but won't have time when I get back to
go through them all.

Keep up the good work!

Regards,

Thomas J Stubbing

Stoves List Moderators:
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Alex English, english@adan.kingston.net
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-
Other Biomass Stoves Events and Information:
http://www.bioenergy2002.org
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1010424940_7.html Bioenergy
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon

For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm

From tmiles at trmiles.com Sun Feb 10 21:09:07 2002
From: tmiles at trmiles.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:36 2004
Subject: Temporary 'Unsubscribe'
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020210151545.01b63410@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.2.20020210230758.028c8df0@mail.teleport.com>

Thomas,

Everyone needs a sabbatical. That's why we've archived the messages on the
web since 1994. You can always search or browse them later.

http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/

Kind regards,

Tom Miles

At 06:54 AM 2/11/2002 +0000, Thomas Stubbing wrote:
>Dear All,
>
>Later this week I shall unsubscribe and then, after a months holiday,
>re-subscribe.
>
>I shall be sorry to miss a month's messages but won't have time when I get
>back to
>go through them all.
>
>Keep up the good work!
>
>Regards,
>
>Thomas J Stubbing
>
>
>
>-
>Stoves List Archives and Website:
>http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
>http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
>http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
>
>Stoves List Moderators:
>Ron Larson, ronallarson@qwest.net
>Alex English, english@adan.kingston.net
>Elsen L. Karstad, elk@wananchi.com www.chardust.com
>
>List-Post: <mailto:stoves@crest.org>
>List-Help: <mailto:stoves-help@crest.org>
>List-Unsubscribe: <mailto:stoves-unsubscribe@crest.org>
>List-Subscribe: <mailto:stoves-subscribe@crest.org>
>
>Sponsor the Stoves List: http://www.crest.org/discuss3.html
>-
>Other Biomass Stoves Events and Information:
>http://www.bioenergy2002.org
>http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1010424940_7.html Bioenergy
>http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
>http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon
>
>For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
>http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm

Thomas R Miles tmiles@trmiles.com
T R Miles, TCI Tel 503-292-0107
1470 SW Woodward Way Fax 503-292-2919
Portland, OR 97225 USA

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http://www.bioenergy2002.org
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1010424940_7.html Bioenergy
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon

For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm

From E.KITUYI at CGIAR.ORG Mon Feb 11 01:30:10 2002
From: E.KITUYI at CGIAR.ORG (Kituyi, Evans)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
Message-ID: <A68A7C0BB344D511AA38005004AA9E18CDB7AF@icrafnttrain.icraf.cgiar.org>

Thanks Richard, i would be glad to meet you too, when your turn to visit
Kenya comes. Regarding sponsorship to J'burg, I wouldn't have much to say
other than we are also trying various avenues. One of the latest involves
the energy funding from Turner Foundation at the UNON in Nairobi. You may
want to enquire directly with them.
Evans

-----Original Message-----
From: richard stanley [mailto:legacyfound@hotmail.com]
Sent: Sunday, February 10, 2002 12:08 PM
To: E.KITUYI@CGIAR.ORG; psanders@ilstu.edu; stoves@crest.org
Cc: ajmalawene01@hotmail.com; bobkarlaweldon@cs.com; cfranc@ilstu.edu;
ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz; astrozen2000@hotmail.com
Subject: RE: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa

through the lead various groups we have trained.

As a non profit we would look forward to possible sponsorship for attending
the conference.

Look forward to hearing from you,with the feeling that we have already met
through Richard Jones also at CGIAR,

Richard Stanley
www.legacyfound.org

> Tsamba--Alberto Julio <ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz>, Lily Coyle
><astrozen2000@hotmail.com>
>Subject: RE: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
>Date: Mon, 04 Feb 2002 04:07:41 -0800
>
>Paul,
>thanks for your response--sorry you had to go through many steps to have it
>read. There are indeed many activities of interest to us that we could be
>involved in at J'burg. As Mathew Owens of Chardust pointed out to me today,
>many success stories in biomass conversion technologies exist that could be
>displayed. Of more importance (I guess) is designing appropriate policy
>advocacy strategies for J'burg and beyond since it is emerging that the
>difficulty in getting technologies across is mainly at the political level.
>
>Is there already a side-event being set up on biomass/stoves with a view to
>discussing their role in sustainable development for the J'burg meeting? or
>Could stovers think about having one?
>
>Evans
>
>-----Original Message-----
>From: Paul S. Anderson [mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu]
>Sent: Friday, February 01, 2002 6:34 PM
>To: Kituyi, Evans; stoves@crest.org
>Cc: Apolinario J Malawene; Bob and Karla Weldon; Ed Francis;
>Tsamba--Alberto
>Julio; Lily Coyle
>Subject: Re: Biomass and EnergySecurity in sub-Saharan Africa
>
>
>Stovers,
>
>We all worry about attachments. I opened Evans' document without any
>evident problems (sometimes they come later, but my virus protection is
>recently up-dated).
>
>Anyway, I took the liberty to copy the document and insert it below inside
>this e-mail message. Some format changes might make it look messy, the is
>my fault (and MicroSoft's) and not from Evans.
>
>Footnote numbers did NOT copy at all.
>
>If hard to read, you might want to do "select all" and then paste into Word
>(or other word processor) which will bring it back close to the pages
>structure intended.
>
>Content: A quick look tells me that Evans has a very useful document that
>is important for understanding the fuel issues facing Africa south of the
>Sahara.
>
>I plan on being at the Jo-burg conference in early September, and Evans
>also, it seems. We need to prepare ourselves, and Evans paper is a
>starting
>point.
>
>To Evans: can you (and others) tell us more about activities of interest
>to
>us about stoves and fuels at the Jo-burg conference? What opportunities
>are there for presentations, demonstration, participations?
>
>When I previously mentioned the conference, one of the few responses was
>from Tom R. who played down its importance as being more talk than action.
>I can agree with Tom. But I am still going to attend and I am hoping for
>more "stover" involvement.
>
>Info item: My work duties will put me in Mozambique from early July to mid
>October 2002, so I expect to be "local" for the conference and might be
>able
>to assist a few others (once I figure our myself the options at the Jo-burg
>conference.
>
>Paul
>
>At 01:49 AM 2/1/02 -0800, Kituyi, Evans wrote:
>
>
>Dear Stovers,
>I would appreciate comments on the attached 3page document on the future of
>energy for households in sub-Saharan Africa. Thanks
>
>Evans Kituyi
>
>
>Energy and the Road To Johannesburg
>Issues and Concerns for sub-Saharan African Households
>
>Evans Kituyi
>African Centre for Technology Studies, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail:
>e.kituyi@cgiar.org
>
>
>Introduction
>
>Come September 2001, world governments will gather in Johannesburg, South
>Africa for the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD), also dubbed
>the Rio+10 conference, and sustainable development will be the key phrase
>at
>the heart of the conference's theme. The purpose of this summit will be to
>review the progress so far made by nations in implementing the Agenda 21,
>identify the key challenges faced in the implementation process, and to map
>out the way forward towards a sustainable future. One of the key reasons
>why
>sustainable development was not achieved in anticipated levels in
>sub-Saharan Africa over the past decade was the poor access to cleaner
>commercial energy by the majority of its population.
>
>It is imperative that most of the population gains access to this form of
>energy as a prerequisite for sustainable development. Unfortunately, the
>people in the region cannot achieve this on their own and must be assisted
>in various aspects by the international community. One appropriate forum
>where Africa could present its case is the WSSD, through the African
>Ministerial Statementwhich will be the official channel for bringing the
>continents concerns to world attention. In their recent preparatory
>committee meeting (PrepCom) for the Summit held in Nairobi, the African
>Ministers noted this general energy concern. However, their arguments
>tended
>to be biased, focusing more on RETs such as Solar PV, wind, and increased
>development of hydro, failing to explicitly recognize the role of
>biomassfrequently implied in the meetings as synonymous with technological
>backwardness.
>
>However, it is unlikely that a significant fraction of sub-Saharan African
>households will gain access to modern, cleaner forms of energy (mainly
>electricity for lighting and kerosene for cooking) as sustainable
>substitutes to fuelwood in the short or even medium terms. Most will
>continue depending almost exclusively on biomass. This situation is not
>strongly highlighted in the ministerial report and it is unlikely thatin
>its
>current stateit will elicit world attention on the energy poverty status of
>the region.
>
>Significant Increase in Access to Cleaner Commercial Energy is Unlikely
>
>Africa starts the 21st Century as the poorest, the most technologically
>backward, the most debt distressed, and the most marginalised region in the
>world. Drought, disease, civil conflict and poor governance make the
>situation worse. Consequently, Africans' quality of life continued to erode
>over the last decade. In sub-Saharan Africa, 52% of people live on less
>than
>US$1 per day and urban poverty is increasingly severe, with about 43% of
>urban dwellers living below the poverty line of US$47 per month per capita.
>Opportunities for employment and household level income generating have
>diminishedhence the family savings to facilitate transition to modern
>energy
>are minimal.
>
>High urbanization ratemainly increasing the urban poor populationis putting
>more demand for charcoal, and by extension the forests and other biomass
>sources. Although the cost of renewable energy technologies (RETs) have
>fallen over the past decade, the magnitude of the drop has not been
>significant enough to compete kerosenethe commonly used liquid fossil fuel.
>Significant awareness of RETs has, however, been raised in many countries
>in
>Africa. It is therefore reasonable to infer that biomass (mainly firewood
>and charcoal) will remain the key sources of energy for most of the
>population in sub-Saharan Africa for several decades to come. This
>observation is shared by various institutions including the World Energy
>Council, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the UNDP.
>
>Therefore little change, if any, will occur in as far as increasing the
>percentage of the population (both the rural and urban poor). Our pessimism
>in this regard is shared by the African Union which proposes a modest 25%
>increase in the number of households with access to cleaner commercial
>fuels
>by the year 2025 (from the current 10% to the projected 35%). This is part
>of the proposed objectives of the Union's widely accepted pathway towards
>sustainable development, the New African Initiative (NAI).
>
>Despite these scenarios, the African Ministers give no special attention to
>biomass energy in their draft common position to the WSSD. One can
>therefore
>assume that it is generalized under renewable energy. That the majority of
>Africans will not have their livelihoods (in general and energy poverty in
>particular) improved is not good news for a continent in dire need of
>sustainable development. This concern deserves strong recognition by the
>world leaders meeting in Johannesburg in order to deliver special and
>focused responses towards energy poverty reduction in the region.
>
>Towards Sustainable Energy Biomass Energy Production and Use
>
>The realistic picture that emerges from the preamble implies further
>suffering by the majority (at least 65% of the population, using NAI's
>projection as best case reference) of Africans as we enter the new
>millennium. Biomass will remain the major source of energy for rural
>populations, coupled with niche renewables such as Solar PV, provided they
>are affordable, reliable and a proper payments system is established. These
>sources themselves are under threat from overuse, creating additional
>environmental challenges. The increasing distances to the biomass sources
>in
>many regions and the number of households that are increasingly being
>conditioned to purchase their needs from markets, as well as the
>ever-increasing fuelwood costs demonstrate this.
>
>The message of this brief is that whereas efforts to promote access by all
>to modern commercial energy technologies must be encouraged, concurrent
>agendas should be in place for the sake of the majority who will not have
>the means to gain access to cleaner energy. For the short and medium terms,
>any sustainable development solutions in the household energy sub-sector in
>Africa must focus on biomass energy technology development and
>dissemination. This includes sustainable fuelwood production and its
>efficient consumption through adoption of improved energy technologies,
>with
>sustained efforts to eliminated barriers to access to commercial energy.
>Many opponents to this school of thought do exist, who argue that nothing
>but leapfrog by Africans to cleaner commercial energy should be promoted.
>Whereas this could be necessarily true, it is neither practical nor
>realistic on a short or medium term.
>
>It is from this realization that some institutions including the UNDP and
>the G8 have been proactive at offering solutions towards accelerated
>cost-efficient adoption of improved efficiency biomass conversion
>technologies. Others such as International Energy Agency, the Shell
>Foundation and the World Bank-ESMAP do finance studies aimed at identifying
>barriers to the large-scale adoption of existing biomass technology
>innovations. The objective is usually the attainment of environmentally
>sound and cost-competitive bioenergy on a sustainable basis to make a
>substantial contribution to meeting future energy demands. These
>institutions provide a framework upon which future work in the region may
>be
>built upon through appropriate institutional linkages with many indigenous
>organizations.
>
>Conclusion
>
>The energy poverty situation in Africa is serious and worsening, and the
>majority of the population will continue depending on biomass for many
>decades to come. The African Ministers recognize this well. Ironically,
>however, the energy section in their joint message to the WSSD is weak on
>this message, hence unlikely to trigger the world's interest and attention,
>significant enough for the Summit to deliver a special deal on alleviating
>energy poverty on the continent. There is still a chance, however, for
>interested stakeholders to enrich the Ministerial Statement through
>submissions at subsequent preparatory meetings or during the Summit itself.
>An urgent regional roundtable on the plight of the majority of Africans
>that
>will still not gain access to commercial energy for many decades to come is
>therefore recommended to generate a number of balanced positions for
>presentation to the WSSD.
>
> African Preparatory Conference for the World Summit on Sustainable
>Development, Nairobi, 18 October 2001.
> ECA (2001) Transforming Africa's Economies. Economic Report on Africa
>2000,
>Economic Commission for Africa, 85p. Addis Ababa.
> ECA (2001) Ibid.
> WEO (2001) World Energy Outlook 2001. International Energy Agency,
><http://www.iea.org/> http://www.iea.org/
> World Energy Council in its WEC Statement 2000.
> Gustafson, D. (2001) The role of woodfuels in Africa, Food and
>Agriculture
>Organisation In Proceedings of the African High-Level Regional Meeting on
>Energy and Sustainable Development (N. Wamukonya, Ed.) 1013 January 2001,
>Nairobi, Kenya. pp 99101.
> UNDP (2000) World Energy Assessment, UNDP/UNDESA/WEC.
> WEC (2000) Energy for Tomorrow's WorldActing Now! WEC Statement 2000.
>World
>Energy Council. 146p.
> Statement by Dr Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director, UNEP at the African
>High
>Level Regional Meeting on Energy and Sustainable Development for CSD 9.
> Gustafson, D. (2001) Op Cit.
> Kituyi, E. et al. (2001) Biofuel consumption rates and patterns in Kenya,
>Biomass and Bioenergy 20:8399.
> See various projects at UNDP Bioenergy page at
><http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass.html>
>http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass. html
><http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/Projects/biomass.html>
> G8 Renewable Energy Task Force Report. Corrado Clini and Mark
>Moody-Stuart
>(Co-Chairmen) 2001. 61p.
> See website on bioenergy at
><http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener.htm>
>http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener. htm
><http://www.iea.org/impagr/imporg/iadesc/bioener.htm>
> See website at http://www.shellfoundation.org/
><http://www.shellfoundation.org/> for details on project types.
>
>
>Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
>Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
>Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
>E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders
><http://www.ilstu.edu/~psanders>
>
>-
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From woodcoal at mailbox.alkor.ru Mon Feb 11 02:32:52 2002
From: woodcoal at mailbox.alkor.ru (Yudkevich Yury)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020208100837.01b524c0@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <000401c1b2f8$8b54ab60$6f3fefc3@a1g0h5>

Dear Paul and colleagues,
?harcoal it is necessary to cool in the intermediate bunker to 300 degrees
?. ?harcoal having such temperature it is possible to strew on the metal
mesh conveyor by a thin layer and to blow by air. I am sure, you know why
the fire inflames from a wind, and the match dies away. It is a problem of
quantity of heat. This reason will allow charcoal to cool down, instead of
to burn, if a layer thin, and flow large. ?harcoal will be saturated with
oxygen and will not burn by transportation and storage
Yury (Russia)
----- Original Message -----
From: "Paul S. Anderson" <psanders@ilstu.edu>
To: "............; <stoves@crest.org>
Sent: Friday, February 08, 2002 7:13 PM
Subject: Quenching char

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From tombreed at attbi.com Mon Feb 11 04:06:56 2002
From: tombreed at attbi.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020208100837.01b524c0@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <007301c1b2fc$d87da460$49b2ff0c@attbi.com>

Dear Char Quenchers:

In making our oil absorbent "Sea Sweep" we spray water on
the product at a temperature above 300C to bring it down to 90<T<100 C for
bagging. If we spray too much, we get moisture condensing inside the bags;
too little and we melt the bags. I presume charcoal quenching would be
much the same.

Onward...       TOM
REED
BEF
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
----- Original Message -----
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black">From:
elk
To: <A title=stoves@crest.org
href="mailto:stoves@crest.org">stoves@crest.org
Sent: Friday, February 08, 2002 9:11
AM
Subject: Re: Quenching char

Paul;

We use a metal drum with a small pin-hole in the
tight-fitting top to prevent the inevitable vacuum from distorting the vessel.
A lid with a spring-clasp band is particularly suitable.

For larger quantities we use a drum for 30 minutes,
then spread in metal sheets and sprinkle water. Some turning may be necessary
to ensure complete quenching. If too much water is used, then the char must be
(air/sun) dried prior to use........ as we convert particulate char to
briquettes, we limit final moisture content to
'briquettable' levels.

elk
----------------------------------------------Elsen L.Karstad,
Nairobi Kenyaelk@wananchi.com<A
href="http://www.chardust.com/">http://www.chardust.com/

<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
----- Original Message -----
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black">From:
Paul S.
Anderson
To: <A title=ajmalawene01@hotmail.com
href="mailto:ajmalawene01@hotmail.com">Apolinário J Malawene ; <A
title=bobkarlaweldon@cs.com href="mailto:bobkarlaweldon@cs.com">Bob and
Karla Weldon ; <A title=cfranc@ilstu.edu
href="mailto:cfranc@ilstu.edu">Ed Francis ; <A
title=ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz
href="mailto:ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz">Tsamba--Alberto Julio ; <A
title=astrozen2000@hotmail.com href="mailto:astrozen2000@hotmail.com">Lily
Coyle ; <A title=stoves@crest.org
href="mailto:stoves@crest.org">stoves@crest.org
Sent: Friday, February 08, 2002 7:13
PM
Subject: Quenching char
Stovers,In my Juntos gasifier I produce some
char.   How can I extinguish it so that I can save
it?Dump into water bucket?Spread it out and sprinkle with
water ?Smoother? (has not worked well because small air leaks
will sustain the char burning.)If quenched with plenty of water,
with the water-soaked char have any undesirable characteristics?
Such as the popping sparks in the one briquette I had from
MZ.Thanks,PaulPaul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright
Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400),
Illinois State UniversityNormal, IL 61790-4400
Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310E-mail: <A
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(Under construction)<A
href="http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html">http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html
(Original)Stoves List Moderators:Ron Larson, <A
href="mailto:ronallarson@qwest.net">ronallarson@qwest.netAlex
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From tombreed at attbi.com Mon Feb 11 04:09:55 2002
From: tombreed at attbi.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020208100837.01b524c0@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <007901c1b2fd$4243e3a0$49b2ff0c@attbi.com>

Paul and All:

Cooling/Quenching freshly made charcoal is not a trivial problem. If you
cool it to room temperature without access to air it is stable (in my
experience). However, even small air leaks will keep it burning for
days.....

If you dunk it in water it needs to be dried.

So, spray with water until it stops making steam, (but no more H2O) and then
isolate in a closed bucket until it cools naturally to room temperature.

TOM REED BEF
----- Original Message -----
From: "Paul S. Anderson" <psanders@ilstu.edu>
To: "Apolinário J Malawene" <ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>; "Bob and Karla
Weldon" <bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>; "Ed Francis" <cfranc@ilstu.edu>;
"Tsamba--Alberto Julio" <ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz>; "Lily Coyle"
<astrozen2000@hotmail.com>; <stoves@crest.org>
Sent: Friday, February 08, 2002 9:13 AM
Subject: Quenching char

> Stovers,
>
> In my Juntos gasifier I produce some char. How can I extinguish it so
> that I can save it?
>
> Dump into water bucket?
>
> Spread it out and sprinkle with water ?
>
> Smoother? (has not worked well because small air leaks will sustain the
> char burning.)
>
> If quenched with plenty of water, with the water-soaked char have any
> undesirable characteristics? Such as the popping sparks in the one
> briquette I had from MZ.
>
> Thanks,
>
> Paul
> Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
> Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
> Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
> E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders
>
>
> -
> Stoves List Archives and Website:
> http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
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> http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
>
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From ronallarson at qwest.net Mon Feb 11 07:16:40 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020208100837.01b524c0@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <00b201c1b320$622064a0$d7e56641@computer>

Paul:

As we get more people doing this, I am sure we will have more options
than you have given below.

By far the easiest will be closing up tight - and you might find that
possible with some geometries.

It seems possible (no studies) that dumping the hot charcoal in water
may have the secondary benefit of cleaning up the water.

Spreading on the ground works - seems to go out quickly for my fuels -
if two pieces are not close together.

Dumping in another closeable container has worked and keeps subsequent
labor down.

For some - moving hot to another better combustion apparatus for
continued cooking will be best.

What have you found best - and are you achieving 20-25% (by weight)?

Ron

----- Original Message -----
From: Paul S. Anderson <psanders@ilstu.edu>
To: Apolinário J Malawene <ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>; Bob and Karla Weldon
<bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>; Ed Francis <cfranc@ilstu.edu>; Tsamba--Alberto
Julio <ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz>; Lily Coyle <astrozen2000@hotmail.com>;
<stoves@crest.org>
Sent: Friday, February 08, 2002 9:13 AM
Subject: Quenching char

Stoves List Moderators:
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From Carefreeland at aol.com Mon Feb 11 08:09:42 2002
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char
Message-ID: <84.232c51cc.2999630c@aol.com>

Stovers,
It seems the more we talk about something, the more the mind checks
the cracks for hidden ideas. What if we used a large thick cast aluminum
vessel to draw the heat out of the char so quickly that it just went out?
How about those large aluminum dutch ovens? You could get the advantage of
cutting the air as well. just shake a little to stur the char.
Well, there went another patent, just kidding.
Dan Dimiduk.

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Mon Feb 11 08:21:34 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020208100837.01b524c0@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020211121809.018029c0@mail.ilstu.edu>

Stovers.

Thanks for the suggestions. I am using the "re-seal-able paint can"
approach recommended by Dan D. (It is a "Dandy" idea!) My quantities are
quite small, and that way is very easy. No water, no spreading, no
openness (unsafe), and when the lid is re-closed I can ignore it (except
that I am careful to never put the can near anything that could cause
problems if the combustion continues inside the can.)

ELK mentioned a pin hole, but either my can leaks enough, or my quantity is
so small that there is not inward crushing of the can. Would be very
different in ELK's operation with much larger quantities. Remember, he is
making charcoal, and I am saving the charcoal by-product of running a
small, domestic-sized gasifier.

Ron, I have not done any weighing yet. But by feel it is about a quarter
or a fifth of the weight.

Saturday I had 4 gasifiers burning side by side. Just checking
stuff. Nothing worth reporting yet.

Paul

At 10:20 AM 2/11/02 -0700, Ron Larson wrote:
>Paul:
>
> As we get more people doing this, I am sure we will have more options
>than you have given below.
>
> By far the easiest will be closing up tight - and you might find that
>possible with some geometries.
>
> It seems possible (no studies) that dumping the hot charcoal in water
>may have the secondary benefit of cleaning up the water.
>
> Spreading on the ground works - seems to go out quickly for my fuels -
>if two pieces are not close together.
>
> Dumping in another closeable container has worked and keeps subsequent
>labor down.
>
> For some - moving hot to another better combustion apparatus for
>continued cooking will be best.
>
> What have you found best - and are you achieving 20-25% (by weight)?
>
>Ron
>
>
>----- Original Message -----
>From: Paul S. Anderson <psanders@ilstu.edu>
>To: Apolinário J Malawene <ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>; Bob and Karla Weldon
><bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>; Ed Francis <cfranc@ilstu.edu>; Tsamba--Alberto
>Julio <ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz>; Lily Coyle <astrozen2000@hotmail.com>;
><stoves@crest.org>
>Sent: Friday, February 08, 2002 9:13 AM
>Subject: Quenching char
>
>
> > Stovers,
> >
> > In my Juntos gasifier I produce some char. How can I extinguish it so
> > that I can save it?
> >
> > Dump into water bucket?
> >
> > Spread it out and sprinkle with water ?
> >
> > Smoother? (has not worked well because small air leaks will sustain the
> > char burning.)
> >
> > If quenched with plenty of water, with the water-soaked char have any
> > undesirable characteristics? Such as the popping sparks in the one
> > briquette I had from MZ.
> >
> > Thanks,
> >
> > Paul
> > Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
> > Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
> > Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
> > E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders
> >
> >
> > -
> > Stoves List Archives and Website:
> > http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
> > http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
> > http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
> >
> > Stoves List Moderators:
> > Ron Larson, ronallarson@qwest.net
> > Alex English, english@adan.kingston.net
> > Elsen L. Karstad, elk@wananchi.com www.chardust.com
> >
> > List-Post: <mailto:stoves@crest.org>
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> >
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> > -
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> > http://www.bioenergy2002.org
> > http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1010424940_7.html Bioenergy
> > http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
> > http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon
> >
> > For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
> > http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm
> >
> >

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Mon Feb 11 08:38:50 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Great report on stoves
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020211123806.01803d80@mail.ilstu.edu>

Stovers,

I do not remember who gave me the lead, but all stovers MUST READ at least
the executive summary of the Oct 2000 publication "Poverty reduction
aspects of successful improved household stove
programmes". (Reference DFID KaR R7368). I have it saved as a PDF
file, but better if someone can tell us where it is available on the
Internet. The SOCIAL and the ECONOMIC impact aspects of stoves is well
stated in this report.

I am curious how many of us who are serious about stoves to help poor
people are just learning the contents of this great report that has been
out for nearly 18 months !! This is a MUST READ item about Kenya,
Ethiopia, (mainly success stories) and Uganda (major lack of success.)

Paul
Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of 2001-2003
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

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From hseaver at cybershamanix.com Mon Feb 11 10:33:02 2002
From: hseaver at cybershamanix.com (Harmon Seaver)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Great report on stoves
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020211123806.01803d80@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <20020211203236.GA5659@cybershamanix.com>

Try http://www.etsu.com/dfid-kar-energy/html/r7368.html

On Mon, Feb 11, 2002 at 12:46:37PM -0600, Paul S. Anderson wrote:
> Stovers,
>
> I do not remember who gave me the lead, but all stovers MUST READ at least
> the executive summary of the Oct 2000 publication "Poverty reduction
> aspects of successful improved household stove
> programmes". (Reference DFID KaR R7368). I have it saved as a PDF
> file, but better if someone can tell us where it is available on the
> Internet. The SOCIAL and the ECONOMIC impact aspects of stoves is well
> stated in this report.
>
> I am curious how many of us who are serious about stoves to help poor
> people are just learning the contents of this great report that has been
> out for nearly 18 months !! This is a MUST READ item about Kenya,
> Ethiopia, (mainly success stories) and Uganda (major lack of success.)
>
> Paul
> Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
> Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of 2001-2003
> Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
> Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
> E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders
>
>
> -
> Stoves List Archives and Website:
> http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
> http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
> http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
>
> Stoves List Moderators:
> Ron Larson, ronallarson@qwest.net
> Alex English, english@adan.kingston.net
> Elsen L. Karstad, elk@wananchi.com www.chardust.com
>
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> -
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> http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
> http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon
>
> For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
> http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm

--
Harmon Seaver
CyberShamanix
http://www.cybershamanix.com

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Mon Feb 11 13:09:33 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: SD and chunker
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020208154218.00a8ef00@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020211170851.017f9950@mail.ilstu.edu>

Stovers (especially Ron and Tom about gasifiers)

I have exchanged messages with Crispin about getting the right size of
dense biomass (like wood chips/chunks, not like briquettes that seem
lightweight for some purposes) for use in a gasifier.

Apart from a "chunker" device, the real question is the size of the pieces
that can be appropriately gasified in a NATURAL CONVECTION gasifier (IDD
type), giving enough energy per minute for high-temp and especially for
low-temp cooking.

All thoughts are welcome.

Paul

At 09:27 PM 2/11/02 +0200, Crispin wrote:
>Dear Paul
>
> >Can you make a "wood chipper" that will create chunky stuff of
> >good wood?
>
>It is my true belief that making that wood into chunks takes about as much
>energy as one would usefully get from burning it. Are you sure you want to
>take this route? Such a machine will be expensive, though I have though of
>a sort of heavily serrated blade that could work rather like a wood plane.
>That might be able to take out chunks without having to saw them. A 'hog'
>which is a conventional wood chipper has a huge motor on it. I mean
>monstrous. You couldn't expect people to use one of those.
>
>What about creating the same flow with a carefully laid fire? Something
>like a bed of horizontal pieces with another 90 degree layer on top? That
>would breathe well and work with various sizes.
>
>Something you could consider is looking into (calculating) is the surface
>area v.s. the volume of wood chunks that charcoal well. I haven't seen
>anything on the subject on the internet but clearly it is relevant. Any
>piece of wood that is going to get gassed off (sounds rude!) has to get
>heated up sufficiently. The ability to get heated is related to its surface
>area. Once you get a mathematical relationship worked out, you can choose
>longer/larger pieces to work with and correctly predict how they will light
>up and gas. Then the work-input to useful work-done ratio can be optimized,
>or at least selected.
>
>When it comes to chunking, wood is pretty nasty stuff because it is so
>darned strong. There is a lot of merit in using sawdust because it is
>already processed into small pieces by the milling and sawing. Creating
>chunks without creating another form of wealth at the same time is going to
>be an economic problem, for energy and time input, that is, to useful fuel
>output.
>
>My best idea so far is to make a large pruning hook mechanism that could
>slice off the end of a pretty green branch up to about 2 inch diameter.
>Making it about 5/8 inches long per cut would probably make chunks as they
>are too big in diameter and too short to hold together as a cookie slice.
>It would look rather like a paper guillotine with half-round holes for the
>branches. There are some pruning hooks on long poles the hydro guys use
>that will cut 1 inch so it will not be diffcult to gear that up.
>
>I am working on a Rotary funding project for Margaret right now so I had
>better get to it.
>
>Regards
>Crispin

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From woodcoal at mailbox.alkor.ru Tue Feb 12 01:21:58 2002
From: woodcoal at mailbox.alkor.ru (Yudkevich Yury)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char
Message-ID: <004201c1b3b7$d5690060$703fefc3@a1g0h5>

The friends and colleague,
Water enters reaction with the heated charcoal on the equation C+H2O =CO+H2.
It is classical " reaction of water gas ". The cooling of a charcoal by water it
a) loss of a charcoal (output is reduced from 32 % to 20 %) and b) danger of
explosion of water gas with air.
Yury (Russia)

From tombreed at attbi.com Tue Feb 12 04:07:04 2002
From: tombreed at attbi.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: SD and chunker
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020208154218.00a8ef00@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <004201c1b3c4$a0b59060$49b2ff0c@attbi.com>

Dear Crispin, Paul and All:

This is an important message for all of us involved with natural and forced
draft "WoodGas" cooking. One advantage - and disadvantage of this new
technology is that the amount of wood used to cook a meal is so small -
typically 200 g for 1/2 hour of 2.5 kW cooking in a cylinder 8-10 cm in
diameter - that it is sometimes a problem to get small enough pieces.

It is an advantage if small twigs, wood chips, wood pellets, nut hulls,
eucalyptus pods, straw "sticks" (see Joe Mellisa) etc. are available. It is
a disadvantage if you have a 5 cm diameter or larger branch or log. In this
case you will either have to reduce the size with a machete or saw, or use a
rocket stove which prefers large diameter wood.

Wet wood cuts more easily than dry. Once the size is reduced it will dry
much faster and reach equilibrium water concentration.

During World War II there was a civilian industry of producing 2X2X3 cm
hardwood blocks to operate the civilian cars and trucks on WoodGas. A
popular job when compared to serving on the Russian front. Yes, large
sticks are inappropriate (so is cutting down trees). So look around for
"biomass junk" for your cooking.

Aprovecho to all (solving your problem with the means at hand...)

Tom Reed
----- Original Message -----
From: "Paul S. Anderson" <psanders@ilstu.edu>
To: "Crispin" <crispin@newdawn.sz>
Cc: "Apolinário J Malawene" <ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>; "Bob and Karla
Weldon" <bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>; "Ed Francis" <cfranc@ilstu.edu>;
"Tsamba--Alberto Julio" <ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz>; "Lily Coyle"
<astrozen2000@hotmail.com>; <stoves@crest.org>
Sent: Monday, February 11, 2002 4:17 PM
Subject: Re: SD and chunker

> Stovers (especially Ron and Tom about gasifiers)
>
> I have exchanged messages with Crispin about getting the right size of
> dense biomass (like wood chips/chunks, not like briquettes that seem
> lightweight for some purposes) for use in a gasifier.
>
> Apart from a "chunker" device, the real question is the size of the pieces
> that can be appropriately gasified in a NATURAL CONVECTION gasifier (IDD
> type), giving enough energy per minute for high-temp and especially for
> low-temp cooking.
>
> All thoughts are welcome.
>
> Paul
>
> At 09:27 PM 2/11/02 +0200, Crispin wrote:
> >Dear Paul
> >
> > >Can you make a "wood chipper" that will create chunky stuff of
> > >good wood?
> >
> >It is my true belief that making that wood into chunks takes about as
much
> >energy as one would usefully get from burning it. Are you sure you want
to
> >take this route? Such a machine will be expensive, though I have though
of
> >a sort of heavily serrated blade that could work rather like a wood
plane.
> >That might be able to take out chunks without having to saw them. A
'hog'
> >which is a conventional wood chipper has a huge motor on it. I mean
> >monstrous. You couldn't expect people to use one of those.
> >
> >What about creating the same flow with a carefully laid fire? Something
> >like a bed of horizontal pieces with another 90 degree layer on top?
That
> >would breathe well and work with various sizes.
> >
> >Something you could consider is looking into (calculating) is the surface
> >area v.s. the volume of wood chunks that charcoal well. I haven't seen
> >anything on the subject on the internet but clearly it is relevant. Any
> >piece of wood that is going to get gassed off (sounds rude!) has to get
> >heated up sufficiently. The ability to get heated is related to its
surface
> >area. Once you get a mathematical relationship worked out, you can
choose
> >longer/larger pieces to work with and correctly predict how they will
light
> >up and gas. Then the work-input to useful work-done ratio can be
optimized,
> >or at least selected.
> >
> >When it comes to chunking, wood is pretty nasty stuff because it is so
> >darned strong. There is a lot of merit in using sawdust because it is
> >already processed into small pieces by the milling and sawing. Creating
> >chunks without creating another form of wealth at the same time is going
to
> >be an economic problem, for energy and time input, that is, to useful
fuel
> >output.
> >
> >My best idea so far is to make a large pruning hook mechanism that could
> >slice off the end of a pretty green branch up to about 2 inch diameter.
> >Making it about 5/8 inches long per cut would probably make chunks as
they
> >are too big in diameter and too short to hold together as a cookie slice.
> >It would look rather like a paper guillotine with half-round holes for
the
> >branches. There are some pruning hooks on long poles the hydro guys use
> >that will cut 1 inch so it will not be diffcult to gear that up.
> >
> >I am working on a Rotary funding project for Margaret right now so I had
> >better get to it.
> >
> >Regards
> >Crispin
>
> Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
> Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of 2001-2003
> Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
> Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
> E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders
>
>
> -
> Stoves List Archives and Website:
> http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
> http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
> http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
>
> Stoves List Moderators:
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>
> For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
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>

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From tombreed at attbi.com Tue Feb 12 04:31:02 2002
From: tombreed at attbi.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char
In-Reply-To: <84.232c51cc.2999630c@aol.com>
Message-ID: <008201c1b3c7$eb6c6d60$49b2ff0c@attbi.com>

Dear Stovers:

Along with Dan's suggestion of an aluminum vessel to quench the charcoal...

Take off your shoes and walk on it and gain self confidence at the same
time. Swamis do it. You can too!

TOM REED
----- Original Message -----
From: <Carefreeland@aol.com>
To: <stoves@crest.org>
Sent: Monday, February 11, 2002 11:10 AM
Subject: Quenching char

> Stovers,
> It seems the more we talk about something, the more the mind checks
> the cracks for hidden ideas. What if we used a large thick cast aluminum
> vessel to draw the heat out of the char so quickly that it just went out?
> How about those large aluminum dutch ovens? You could get the advantage
of
> cutting the air as well. just shake a little to stur the char.
> Well, there went another patent, just kidding.
> Dan Dimiduk.
>
> -
> Stoves List Archives and Website:
> http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
> http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
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>
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>
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> http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon
>
> For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
> http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm
>

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Tue Feb 12 06:26:48 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char - Not with water!
In-Reply-To: <004201c1b3b7$d5690060$703fefc3@a1g0h5>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020212102546.01b56630@mail.ilstu.edu>

Yury, Thank you very much.

To the novice (me), that means to try to stay away from putting water
onto the charcoal. The exception would be if you are reasonably
sure that the sprinkle of water is evaporated and therefore the water
would not remain with the charcoal.

ALSO (and very important ??) to the making of briquettes with charcoal
fines in them, it is NOT good to have the charcoal soaked with
water. BUT, briquettes are made with a very wet slurry of
binder and biomass, so it is not possible to keep the charcoal dry.
And the "sun-drying" of the briquettes may not (??)
sufficiently remove the water from the briquette with charcoal.

Yury and other experts: can you confirm (or correct) the above two
paragraphs. This would seem to be VERY important. We do not
want to encourage CO production (unless there is a safe
"afterburn" that converts the CO into energy and harmless
gasses.

Paul

At 02:23 PM 2/12/02 +0300, Yudkevich Yury wrote:

The
friends and colleague,

Water enters reaction with the heated charcoal on the equation C+H2O
=CO+H2. It is classical " reaction of water gas ". The cooling
of a charcoal by water it a) loss of a charcoal (output is reduced from
32 % to 20 %) and b) danger of explosion of water gas with air.

Yury (Russia)
Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 -
7/00
Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of
2001-2003
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State
University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice:
309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items:
www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

From legacyfound at hotmail.com Wed Feb 13 02:44:45 2002
From: legacyfound at hotmail.com (richard stanley)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char
Message-ID: <F243HFnwpGR881Np7vX0001509c@hotmail.com>

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From legacyfound at hotmail.com Wed Feb 13 03:13:34 2002
From: legacyfound at hotmail.com (richard stanley)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char - Not with water!
Message-ID: <F131x9mzzFIpwkY8U0f0001e567@hotmail.com>

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From owen at africaonline.co.ke Wed Feb 13 03:23:49 2002
From: owen at africaonline.co.ke (Matthew Owen)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char
In-Reply-To: <004201c1b3b7$d5690060$703fefc3@a1g0h5>
Message-ID: <025601c1b491$c1c42780$ba40083e@oemcomputer>

Yury,

This is interesting stuff. We routinely quench our
char with water at Chardust.

We have found significant differences in
carbonisation efficiencies and end product quality between different materials.
We had always put this down to the properties of the materials themselves. For
example, dry, evenly sized coffee husk carbonises at 33% and flaky damp
bagasse at 20% using our system. The final
briquetted products also differ significantly in quality, with coffee husk
having 17% ash and bagasse up to 33% ash, using exactly the same
binders.

Looking closer at our figures in light of your
information we have now seen that coffee husk usually needs only 9% water by
weight to quench, compared with 34% by weight for bagasse. There therefore
seems to be a direct linkage between the amount of water required to quench and
both our conversion efficiencies and our percentage ash in the finished
briquette product. For a selection of 8 types of biomass we have an inverse
relationship between amount of water needed to quench and percentage conversion
efficiency with a correlation coefficient of 0.64. Fairly strong, although not
totally convincing.

Presumably you would put the relationship down to
loss of carbon into the atmosphere in the form of carbon monoxide as the water
reacts with the char? Do other readers concur?

If it is true, how else can we quench?? It would
improve both our conversion efficiencies and our fuel quality if we could avoid
the 'water gas' reaction.

Matthew Owen
Chardust Ltd.
Kenya
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
----- Original Message -----
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black">From:
<A title=woodcoal@mailbox.alkor.ru
href="mailto:woodcoal@mailbox.alkor.ru">Yudkevich Yury
To: <A title=stoves@crest.org
href="mailto:stoves@crest.org">stoves
Sent: Tuesday, February 12, 2002 2:23
PM
Subject: Quenching char

The friends and colleague,
Water enters reaction with the heated charcoal on the equation C+H2O
=CO+H2. It is classical " reaction of water gas ". The cooling of a charcoal
by water it a) loss of a charcoal (output is reduced from 32 % to 20 %) and b)
danger of explosion of water gas with air.
Yury (Russia)

From jaakko.saastamoinen at vtt.fi Wed Feb 13 05:22:22 2002
From: jaakko.saastamoinen at vtt.fi (Jaakko Saastamoinen)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char
Message-ID: <3.0.32.20020213172334.0098c4c0@vttmail.vtt.fi>

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From kenboak at stirlingservice.freeserve.co.uk Wed Feb 13 05:41:22 2002
From: kenboak at stirlingservice.freeserve.co.uk (kenboak@stirlingservice.freeserve.co.uk)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Charcoal and water gas reaction
Message-ID: <20020213154201.LSJT22946.fep04-svc.ttyl.com@localhost>

Hi Stovers,

Could someone please give me some basics on the water gas reaction between hot char and steam.

How hot do the reactants need to be?

How much heat needs to be supplied.

Has anyone tried this purposefully or by accident using a source of superheated steam and hot charcoal?

Any experimental experiences appreciated

Thanks in advance,

Ken

_______________________________________________________________________
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From kchisholm at ca.inter.net Wed Feb 13 06:22:40 2002
From: kchisholm at ca.inter.net (Kevin Chisholm)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:37 2004
Subject: Quenching char
In-Reply-To: <3.0.32.20020213172334.0098c4c0@vttmail.vtt.fi>
Message-ID: <009f01c1b4aa$a694e3a0$6619059a@kevin>

Dear Jaakko

You have a good point. Perhaps the fundamental problem is
inherently low charcoal yield, and the water quenching is getting blamed for
it?

It would be very interesting to weigh the hot charcoal, spray
quench it, and they weigh the perfectly dry charcoal. This would show both the
basic charcoal yield, and would also show the loss, or lack thereof, associated
with spray quenching.

Kindest regards,

Kevin Chisholm
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
----- Original Message -----
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black">From:
<A title=jaakko.saastamoinen@vtt.fi
href="mailto:jaakko.saastamoinen@vtt.fi">Jaakko Saastamoinen
To: <A title=stoves@crest.org
href="mailto:stoves@crest.org">stoves@crest.org
Sent: Wednesday, February 13, 2002 11:23
AM
Subject: Re: Quenching char
Hi,the temperature must be high enough (about 850 C or
higher)in order to gasification take place. If hot char becomesinto
contact with water, practically no gasification takesplace, if the initial
temperature of the char (before coolingwith water) is low enough (<700
C to be on the safe side). But if the char is very hot, endothermic
gasification (=simultaneouscooling) may take place to some extent.
Jaakko Saastamoinen
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">

From psanders at ilstu.edu Wed Feb 13 06:50:52 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: Quenching char - Not with water!
In-Reply-To: <F131x9mzzFIpwkY8U0f0001e567@hotmail.com>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020213105116.00c5a100@mail.ilstu.edu>

Richard, Great info, as usual.

This is important to us!!!!!!!!!!!!! But when I check the web
site:
http://www.legacyfound.org/

I did not find the part that discusses the issue of getting the charcoal
fines to dry adequately.

You have answered my earlier question about the popping/sparking of the
briquette that had charcoal in it.

Porosity of the binder material probably means less density, and thereby
less heat value of the briquette, EXCEPT that the heat value of the
charcoal fines probably more than compensates for the reduced energy from
binder.

Now Apolinario and I in Mozambique need to find MZ materials that allow
the drying of the charcoal fines.

More ideas and comments from anyone, please.

Paul

At 05:14 AM 2/13/02 -0800, richard stanley wrote:

With respect to Paul,

The 100 odd groups we have trained have been using charcoal fines for
about 7 years. Through them, we learned early on that charcoal fines ,
while very porous, may not be sufficiently permeable to allow adequate
drying in a reasonable (4 to 6 days) time.

It is essential to blend them with something which is more
ppermeable to allow the drainige of excess (free) water in the pressing
process and facilitate drying to ambient humidity. A tightly compacted
clayey blend of over ripe residues for example, surely would not work
with the wet process we use: A blend of sawdust and/orand coarser
biomass will. Its all about providing a fibrous yet porous binder in the
residue blends. See our website for more info , or for that matter please
visit the stoves groups photo pages throuh the kind assistance of Alex
English, one of the moderators of our group.

Richard Stanley

Kampala

Send and receive Hotmail on your mobile device:
Click
Here
Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 -
7/00
Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of
2001-2003
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State
University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice:
309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items:
www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

From RSamson at reap-canada.com Wed Feb 13 09:33:50 2002
From: RSamson at reap-canada.com (RSamson@reap-canada.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: New Report on Bioenergy in the Philippines
Message-ID: <3C6AC016.F38CD5BB@reap-canada.com>

Dear Stovers

An electronic copy of a new bioenergy report completed by Resource
Efficient Agricultural Production (REAP)-Canada and the University of
the Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB) for the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL) is now available electronically at

www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/30813.pdf.

The executive summary follows below. Chapter 2 would be of most interest
to the stoves group. The report takes a while to download as it is 220
pages. One of the most promising opportunities we identified was the
need for an improved rice hull cooker. We subsequently began to develop
an improved rice hull cooker (the LT-2000 cooker) which is now known as
the Mayon Turbo. We will report to the stoves group shortly on the
development of this new cooker.

best regards

Roger Samson

Director of International Programs
REAP-Canada
www.reap-canada.com

Strategies for Enhancing Biomass Energy Utilization in the Philippines

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Land distribution, food security, and a sustainable and affordable
energy source are among the most important development issues facing the

Philippines in the 21st century. Biofuel energy development can play a
key role in the eradication of rural poverty and the creation of
self-reliant communities.

A rapidly expanding population and rising fossil fuel energy costs, mean

increased pressure on the use of biomass resources for energy
generation. Substantial investments in research and development are
required to expand the biomass supply and enhance energy conversion
technology. This report analyses opportunities for bioenergy utilization

in the Philippines. It quantifies the potential biomass resource base,
and identifies several uses for biofuel that would increase household
energy security, promote self-reliant agricultural practices and improve

human and environmental health.

Biomass Resources

Several sources of surplus crop residues could be recovered from primary

agricultural production or after processing:
- rice hulls (1.5 million Oven Dry Tonnes (ODT))
- sugar cane trash (274,000 ODT)
- bagasse (322,000 ODT)
- maize cobs (391,000 ODT)
- coconut (10.4 million tonnes is available, however utilization is
limited by manual labour requirements and poor transportation
infrastructure in remote locations)

The transition of rural land from tropical forests to agricultural
farmland has shifted the biomass resource base. The majority of wood is
now obtained from farmlands. Improving agro-forestry systems, increasing

tree diversity and extending tree rotations can help to bring about the
appropriate use of woodfuel.

Dedicating land specifically to biomass production could increase the
amount of biomass available for energy generation and other
applications. Napier grass and other perennial warm-season grasses could

be grown as energy crops on marginal farmland. The introduction of
100,000 ha of napier grass could generate 2 million ODT of biomass for
energy applications.

Bioenergy End-use Applications

The use of bioenergy in households and in agricultural processing has
been the focus of this study. An emphasis has been placed on heating as
currently it consumes the most bioenergy, and is best suited to the
decentralized availability of resources (the economics of liquid fuel
and power generation are not as favorable). Household cooking consumes
approximately 75% of the total biomass used, and is of considerable
importance as there are 13 million families in the Philippines. An
economic analysis indicated that the LT-2000 multi-fuel stove for rural
households and pellet stoves for urban households (using cane trash or
grass pellets) provided the greatest opportunities for reducing cooking
costs for those purchasing fuels. There are one million households that
could potentially be using the LT-2000 multi-fuel stove in the
Philippines. The domestic production of 1 million tonnes of fuel pellets

(derived from napier grass, cane trash or wood residues) could enable up

to 2.5 million households make the switch to pellet fuel cooking. This
could displace up to 2.5 million LPG cooking households, saving $145
million US annually in LPG imports. Agricultural residues and pellet
burning furnaces could also play an increasing role in crop drying
applications and other heat related energy applications in the future.

With current crop residue production, biomass could supply approximately

160 MW of power for national use (1% of power by 2004). An assessment of

year-round power generation found bagasse, followed by sugar cane trash,

to be the most economical options. Fast growing tree plantations and
napier grass were slightly higher in cost. The importation of 365,000
barrels of bunker oil for thermal processing by sugar mills could be
displaced by about 161,000 tonnes of cane trash (at 26% moisture) which
could save approximately $10 million US in oil imports.

Cane trash farming is self-sustaining, as improving soil fertility,
nitrogen fixation and water retention enhances crop yield, productivity
and longevity. Trash farming also results in a significant decrease in
fertilizer use, which decreases energy input, overall production costs,
and fossil energy use (and GHG emissions). Successful implementation of
low input trash farming on the 350,000 ha of land currently producing
cane could save up to 1.8 million GJ of energy inputs, which would
generate 26.5 million GJ of energy (in the form of recoverable bagasse
and cane trash) for bioenergy applications. Trash farming has the
potential to transform the industry from a net energy importer into a
domestic energy producer.

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From woodcoal at mailbox.alkor.ru Wed Feb 13 22:19:00 2002
From: woodcoal at mailbox.alkor.ru (Yudkevich Yury)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: Quenching char
In-Reply-To: <3.0.32.20020213172334.0098c4c0@vttmail.vtt.fi>
Message-ID: <003201c1b530$99d02fe0$7a3fefc3@a1g0h5>

Jaakko Saastamoinen write:

the temperature must be high enough (about 850 C or higher)
in order to gasification take place. If hot char becomes
into contact with water, practically no gasification takes
place, if the initial temperature of the char (before cooling
with water) is low enough (<700 C to be on the safe side). But
if the char is very hot, endothermic gasification (=simultaneous
cooling) may take place to some extent.

It correctly theoretically. Charcoal unload at temperature of 500 -600
degrees, but it gets in space, where there is a little oxygen. It it is
enough, that the charcoal was warmed up in one point and temperature has
increased. I witness explosion at attempt to cool charcoal by water.
Yury

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From jmdavies at xsinet.co.za Thu Feb 14 04:57:03 2002
From: jmdavies at xsinet.co.za (John Davies)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: Charcoal and water gas reaction
In-Reply-To: <20020213154201.LSJT22946.fep04-svc.ttyl.com@localhost>
Message-ID: <009301c1b568$aa6422c0$2a6927c4@jmdavies>

Greetings All,

Been siting quietly for a long time, and just not finding the time to do
experimenting with clean burning of low grade, bituminous coal for the
informal settlements here, which remains a wish. Hopefully I will find some
time
in the winter when the garden requires less attention.

Someone wrote about the premixing of some secondary air into the gas before
the burner in stoves.
In my few experiments with coal, cleaner burning at the burner was achieved
with this method.

A gas pipe of about 2" diameter was used and about 15" long. about 6 cuts of
about 1 1/4 " were made crosswise on the pipe and the section below the cut
was dented inwatds. These were spread around and over the length of the
pipe. This created a venturi effect sucking in some air and mixing it with
the gas.
The effect could be clearly seen if these holes were blocked off.

Adding to Tom's writings about water gas,

If one wishes to produce water gas, it is beneficial to have the
temperatures as high as possible in order to achieve the minimum CO2 and
Steam in the product. These reactions are multy directional. Above 1000 C
very little CO2 is produced, with most of the steam reacted. As the
temperature drops unwanted reactions start taking place. Firstly the steam
is not completely reacted, secondly this steam reacts with CO to produce CO2
and H2. and lastly the water gas reaction reverses. There are also several
lesser reactions which occur which all tend to produce steam and CO2 at
diminishing temperatures. causing a decreasing calorific value of the gas.

Regards to all,
Keep up the good work,
John Davies.
Secunda,
South Africa.

----- Original Message -----
From: Thomas Reed <tombreed@attbi.com>

> Dear Ken and All:
>
> The water-gas reaction is
>
> C + H2O ==> CO + H2
>
> Great reaction that converts water and a solid fuel (coal, coke, charcoal)
> into gaseous fuel. Temperature needs to be above about 800 C.
>
> However, the reaction is VERY endothermic (absorbs heat) and needs to have
> large quantities of heat supplied. This was done with coal in the
water-gas
> process. Air was blasted into coke to get it hot ("the blow"), then steam
> was blasted through to make "blue water gas" (CO plus H2, "the run").
Read
> all about it in the 1950 Enc. Brittanica at many libraries.

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From tombreed at attbi.com Thu Feb 14 06:19:36 2002
From: tombreed at attbi.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: Quenching char
In-Reply-To: <F243HFnwpGR881Np7vX0001509c@hotmail.com>
Message-ID: <00ae01c1b572$d2da36e0$49b2ff0c@attbi.com>

Dear Richard and All:

We should all be fascinated by phenomena we don't
understand. Are they "paranormal" (unlikely) or explainable by
conventional science properly applied?

I do believe that charcoal firewalking has been practiced in
the Pacific Northwest (Lotus land?) as a cure for insecurity and not for
blistered feet. It is certainly true that charcoal can be very low in
density and probably heat conduction or could be quite high if made from dense
biomass.

It is also true that the human foot is capable of becoming
VERY leathery - if you go barefoot all year, or very tender (mine) if you wear
shoes all the time.

It is also true that you can boil water in skin pots without
burning the skin. Sometimes.

So, this would be a good area of research if I didn't have
more practical questions to investigate.

Keep your eyes and your mind open and all will be revealed -
eventually.

Yours truly,
TOM
REED
BEF
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
----- Original Message -----
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black">From:
richard
stanley
To: <A title=tombreed@attbi.com
href="mailto:tombreed@attbi.com">tombreed@attbi.com ; <A
title=Carefreeland@aol.com
href="mailto:Carefreeland@aol.com">Carefreeland@aol.com ; <A
title=stoves@crest.org href="mailto:stoves@crest.org">stoves@crest.org

Sent: Wednesday, February 13, 2002 5:45
AM
Subject: Re: Quenching char

Stovers,
I humbly disagree with Tom Reids suggestion that you try out a firewalk
!!!
About a thousand years ago while in Sri lanka as a peacorpsman, I had the
opportunity to witness firewalking . some of the group, emboldened by the
Srilankans who were actually doing the walk, tried it and promptly burnt their
feet rather badly. The good hope ship was there to analyse the real
firewalkers and found not one ounce of scarring , nor did they find any
ingested substance in the blood or on the breath of the local walkers.
The fire was a pile of wood about 1meter height and equally as wide.
It was burned down to a heap of glowing embers (not yet buried in ash)
about a foot in height, so hot that you could not stand within 5 ft of it. The
length of this pile: about 50 ft. So began my appreciation of the backward
third world.
I would not recommend it !
Richard Stanley
Ceylon 2,
1967- 69

>From: "Thomas Reed"
>To: ,
>Subject: Re: Quenching char
>Date: Tue, 12 Feb 2002 06:19:36 -0700
>
>Dear Stovers:
>
>Along with Dan's suggestion of an aluminum vessel to quench the
charcoal...
>
>Take off your shoes and walk on it and gain self confidence at
the same
>time. Swamis do it. You can too!
>
>TOM REED
>----- Original Message -----
>From:
>To:
>Sent: Monday, February 11, 2002 11:10 AM
>Subject: Quenching char
>
>
> > Stovers,
> > It seems the more we talk about something, the more the
mind checks
> > the cracks for hidden ideas. What if we used a large
thick cast aluminum
> > vessel to draw the heat out of the char so quickly that
it just went out?
> > How about those large aluminum dutch ovens? You could get
the advantage
>of
> > cutting the air as well. just shake a little to stur the
char.
> > Well, there went another patent, just kidding.
> > Dan Dimiduk.
> >
> > -
> > Stoves List Archives and Website:
> > http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
> > http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/
(Under construction)
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From pdebruic at mgmt.purdue.edu Thu Feb 14 11:29:43 2002
From: pdebruic at mgmt.purdue.edu (Paul DeBruicker)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: selling stoves
Message-ID: <1A0B0D90-2192-11D6-89D3-0003931A8C1A@mgmt.purdue.edu>

Hi List,

I've been a "lurker" on this list for some time, so thank you for sharing
your ideas and effort. One concept that I would like to hear a little bit
more about, that is rarely discussed, is how do you get a prototype stove
from a lab in Denver, or Oregon, or wherever into the hands of people who
would actually benefit from your development work? It seems that without a
workable dissemination plan, the design stage is just an academic exercise.
I would be surprised to learn that there are large groups of people with
piles of cash just waiting for a stove to back. Presumably it would be
necessary to have a design that could be profitably (at least no profit/
no loss) commercialized at a scale that provides incentives for both
adoption and dissemination. Further, it seems to me that once you have a
"winning" design the work has just begun because of the almost complete
lack of dissemination infrastructure. I have read that to be accepted, the
stove has to be designed with the end users assistance, with the ability
to use locally available materials, and ease of construction/maintenance
so that the local community can take part in the economic benefits. So it
appears that an entire decentralized construction and distribution network
would need to be created at an affordable cost, with allowances for local
design changes that would suit the needs of the regional customer base.
How do you close the gap between the designers and users so that the
benefits of the stoves are actually realized?

If this topic would be better addressed to a different forum please let me
know and I will take it there. Thanks for any insight.

Sincerely,
Paul DeBruicker

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From CAVM at aol.com Thu Feb 14 11:48:22 2002
From: CAVM at aol.com (CAVM@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: selling stoves
Message-ID: <10f.c40d6c5.299d8acc@aol.com>

In a message dated 2/14/2002 3:32:02 PM Central Standard Time,
pdebruic@mgmt.purdue.edu writes:

<< How do you close the gap between the designers and users so that the
benefits of the stoves are actually realized? >>

Personally, I would go to mgmt.purdue.edu and ask for their assistance.

C. Van Milligen

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From ronallarson at qwest.net Thu Feb 14 14:08:51 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: selling stoves
In-Reply-To: <1A0B0D90-2192-11D6-89D3-0003931A8C1A@mgmt.purdue.edu>
Message-ID: <008901c1b5b5$6fb93000$e0f76641@computer>

Paul:

1. We don't talk often enough on this list about the marketing side (and
thanks to Cornelius for pointing out that your department at Purdue might be
able to provide some guidance) - but I don't believe there is any better
site to talk about the issues.of dissemination.

2. One thought that comes to mind is for all of us to look more carefully
at what happened in China. Kirk Smith has recently gone again to China and
we should be hearing more soon on this issue. Perhaps Kirk or someone at
Berkeley could provide us again with best references. The main point I have
gained from the literature is that the national government was strongly
behind the stove improvement and dissemination program. Another is that the
support was not one of cost subsidization - but rather low interest loans to
manufacturers and advertising, promotional, and informational support..

3. Another point is that we will soon see a major increase in support for
national or local stoves dissemination programs through the Shell
Foundation. We have been hearing that they will insist on something
approaching a sustainable program. Any ideas you have for proposers to
Shell will be well appreciated.

4. It now seems unlikely, but perhaps the issue will be taken up in the
WSSD discussions this August in Joburg. If a few governments begin to see
the importance of stoves and stove dissemination, perhaps we can start
making some progress.

5. In the past (including in China), there has never been a major national
interest in the health side of stoves. Now, we also have the possibility of
proving a global warming imperative. Thus there may be better means of
getting attention at the national and international level than we have had
in the past.

6. It would be great to hear some more of your own thoughts.

Ron

----- Original Message -----
From: Paul DeBruicker <pdebruic@mgmt.purdue.edu>
To: <stoves@crest.org>
Sent: Thursday, February 14, 2002 2:30 PM
Subject: selling stoves

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From elk at wananchi.com Thu Feb 14 22:09:02 2002
From: elk at wananchi.com (elk)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: selling stoves
In-Reply-To: <1A0B0D90-2192-11D6-89D3-0003931A8C1A@mgmt.purdue.edu>
Message-ID: <006b01c1b5f8$9a4f7520$6341083e@default>

Paul;

Your question on stoves marketing is indeed of central import to this list.

In my experience, there's absolutely no substitute for visiting the intended
marketplace and gaining experience with applying the stove en situ.

The second step for a Nor-Am or European product would normally be to
investigate local fabrication- as Paul Haite has done with Pyromid Stoves in
South Africa. The obvious complications arise if you are working for-profit
at this point- how to control quality, compete with the quick-to-copy
informal sector (which may spoil a good name image and marketing investment
with substandard/incomplete products), and invigilate royalties.

Many a non-profit stove dissemination project has failed to succeed even
though the product seems to fit the requirement in all aspects. A for-profit
project is even more tricky. There are good sales prospects in targeting aid
agencies and focusing on famine, flood, earthquake, deforested and conflict
areas, but first you MUST prove the stove within representative target
populations. Aid agencies are wary of 'good ideas' now- having been stung
trying to give away maize to millet-eaters etc..........

The crux- your choice if you need finance- to go NGO and give away your
technology in exchange for free travel & a philosophical glow or seek
venture capital and tie up partnerships & profit-shares. Obviously there is
a broad grey area in between, but in most instances development grants etc.
are not available without a track record showing some form of commercial
viability. This takes time, money, effort, travel.......... most of all-
patience.

Good luck, and keep us here on the stoves list as informed as a for-profit
lurker can, O.K.? You are not alone.

elk

--------------------------
Elsen L. Karstad
elk@wananchi.com
www.chardust.com
Nairobi Kenya

----- Original Message -----
From: "Paul DeBruicker" <pdebruic@mgmt.purdue.edu>
To: <stoves@crest.org>
Sent: Friday, February 15, 2002 12:30 AM
Subject: selling stoves

> Hi List,
>
> I've been a "lurker" on this list for some time, so thank you for sharing
> your ideas and effort. One concept that I would like to hear a little bit
> more about, that is rarely discussed, is how do you get a prototype stove
> from a lab in Denver, or Oregon, or wherever into the hands of people who
> would actually benefit from your development work? It seems that without a
> workable dissemination plan, the design stage is just an academic
exercise.
> I would be surprised to learn that there are large groups of people
with
> piles of cash just waiting for a stove to back. Presumably it would be
> necessary to have a design that could be profitably (at least no profit/
> no loss) commercialized at a scale that provides incentives for both
> adoption and dissemination. Further, it seems to me that once you have a
> "winning" design the work has just begun because of the almost complete
> lack of dissemination infrastructure. I have read that to be accepted, the
> stove has to be designed with the end users assistance, with the ability
> to use locally available materials, and ease of construction/maintenance
> so that the local community can take part in the economic benefits. So it
> appears that an entire decentralized construction and distribution network
> would need to be created at an affordable cost, with allowances for local
> design changes that would suit the needs of the regional customer base.
> How do you close the gap between the designers and users so that the
> benefits of the stoves are actually realized?
>
> If this topic would be better addressed to a different forum please let me
> know and I will take it there. Thanks for any insight.
>
> Sincerely,
> Paul DeBruicker
>
>
> -
> Stoves List Archives and Website:
> http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
> http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
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>
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>
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> http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm
>
>

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From crispin at newdawn.sz Fri Feb 15 02:22:45 2002
From: crispin at newdawn.sz (New Dawn Engineering /ATEX)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: Stoves, charcoal and intellectual property rights
Message-ID: <005301c1b61b$fdeb19e0$2a47fea9@md>

Dear Stovers

I am representing Swaziland at a UN conference on appropriate technology and
intellectual property law in Maseru at the end of the month.

I am interested to know if anyone have any private contributions that would
open up this interesting field of law. At the moment the entire body of law
is pretty much drawn up to favour the formal inventor-entrepreneur. Things
like indigenous 'intellectual property' (if indeed it can be called that)
which has been (legally speaking) 'public' for generations and their
exploitation give rise to the most uninformed, emotional arguments.

I have in mind drawing up an entirely new set of intellectual property
agreements that are not founded in law but in 'fair practise' and rooted in
the well established rules of "shareware" as software is on the Net.

Do you have any perspectives on this?

As intellectual property protection and law enforcement in its present form
is basically unavailable to the masses because of its cost, I am proposing a
set of guidelines rather like the Sullivan Principles to govern the use of
'appropriate technology' and 'indigenous knowledge' which morally obligate
someone who is profiting from knowledge they obtained for a 'secreted'
source (not necessarily a patentable source) to pay the source, be it an
individual, a legal body, or a 'tribe' or 'ethnic group'.

At the moment the gap between formal sector corporations patenting processes
that mimic natural ones and the 'defenders' of indigenous knowledge (which
is a lot of what appropriate technology is about) is unbridgeable. The
'defenders' want full patent protection and licencing for common knowledge.
It is my opinion that in large part people think that this protection is ad
infinitum. Because many people in Africa, for example, wring whole economic
lives out of creating a large amount of information friction around a tiny
piece of information (like how to repair an aluminum pot) there is
widespread expectation that information on healing or technology should be
paid for forever because now the information 'is out'. These expectations
are clearly out of tune with a regular patent.

I expect the conference to be filled with uninformed recriminations and
accusations with the 'Third World' ganging up on 'multinationals' however
there might just be a place for a new initiative.

I know enough about intellectual property law to be aware of my own
ignorance of it. Therefore I am inviting you to participate in this
initiative. Obviously no one is getting paid for any of this. It is just a
chance to write the first page of a new chapter in international
intellectual property law.

I am representing a country so I will sift and append to try to make a
proposal that is representative of a defensible position at this juncture.

The development, dissemination and trading in stoves is a perfect example of
problems related to this sector of international law.

Can a Swazi come to the USA and learn the tricks of the trade by cleverly
interviewing stove designers on the excuse that he is collecting information
for village tinsmiths at home. Then he goes home and works with a few
buddies and they make a minor breakthrough based on their own knowledge of
stoves. They then patent this and go to a US manufacturer, licencing them
at bug bucks, essentially selling the accumulated knowledge they got from
the Stovers in the US plus their little extra insight. How do the stovers
feel when they go to buy an expensive stove that is patented mainly based on
information they gave the Swazi? Is this intellectual piracy? Should some
of the income go to the original advisers?

Suppose I read all the comments ever passed on this discussion group and
realize that adding up all the wood burning information equals a brilliant
new patent. I have thought of nothing at all, only read the postings. Who
gets the income? Who should get the income?

Should the stovers advise me on how to generate a patentable invention? Can
I get a manufacturer interested in making a new stove if it is not
protected?

Interesting stuff, this.

Regards
Crispin

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From tombreed at attbi.com Fri Feb 15 06:40:07 2002
From: tombreed at attbi.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: CO formation at low temperatures
In-Reply-To: <000901c1b589$225c35e0$018197d4@default>
Message-ID: <004301c1b63e$91da1260$49b2ff0c@attbi.com>

Dear Urban:

Interesting you find CO in low temperature pellet combustion
and in room temperature chip drying.

Pyrolysis of wood between 250 and 450 C does produce CO among
many other things.

Digestion at room temperature does NOT produce CO to the best
of my knowledge.

What levels of CO did you measure? What kind of meter.
(Some CO meters will also respond to other gases.)

Sometimes excessive sensitivity blinds us to the hieraarchy of
problems to be solved. Smokers typically inhale gases with >100 ppm CO
and live (occasionally) to 100.

Yours truly,
TOM
REED
BEF

<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
----- Original Message -----
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black">From:
<A title=urban.svedberg@swipnet.se
href="mailto:urban.svedberg@swipnet.se">Urban Svedberg
To: <A title=TomBReed@ATTBI.COM
href="mailto:TomBReed@ATTBI.COM">TomBReed@ATTBI.COM
Sent: Thursday, February 14, 2002 11:55
AM
Subject: CO formation at low
temperatures

Hi,

I found your address through the woodgas
homepage. I am working in a reserach project on wood pellets where I monitor
the emissions with an FTIR instrument. I have noticed that CO is produced at
low temperature from wood pellets but also from fresh wood chips upon drying
at room temperture. Do you have any explanation for this?

All the best

Urban Svedberg
Dept of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine
Sundvall Hospital
Sweden

e-mail at work: <A
href="mailto:urban.svedberg@lvn.se">urban.svedberg@lvn.se
e-mail at home: <A
href="mailto:urban.svedberg.@swipnet.se">urban.svedberg.@swipnet.se

From legacyfound at hotmail.com Fri Feb 15 07:02:20 2002
From: legacyfound at hotmail.com (richard stanley)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: Quenching char - Not with water!
Message-ID: <F133MTF4ia5wAz8AWiZ000165b8@hotmail.com>

Paul,
I did not mention charcoal fines per se in the web site but I think I did
refer to the need for good draininge in the production process.
Try water hyacinth, chopped maise stover/leaves, and any of a host of field
grasses, browned before retting. No matter what you use try to arrest the
decomposition process before it turns into mud. The turning point will be
like titration curve. In the decomposition process , for several days you
see nothing then within 24 hours the mass is burning up and hot.
I have nice vocabulry for this but really and again, it rests in the hands
to feel what we are talking about. You can extract from any experenced
village producer to the lab for numbers if you need them.
Inductively,
Richard stanley

>From: "Paul S. Anderson" <psanders@ilstu.edu>
>To: richard stanley <legacyfound@hotmail.com>, woodcoal@mailbox.alkor.ru,
> stoves@crest.org, ajmalawene01@hotmail.com, bobkarlaweldon@cs.com,
> cfranc@ilstu.edu, ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz, astrozen2000@hotmail.com,
> Apolinário J Malawene <ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>
>Subject: Re: Quenching char - Not with water!
>Date: Wed, 13 Feb 2002 10:58:54 -0600
>
>Richard, Great info, as usual.
>
>This is important to us!!!!!!!!!!!!! But when I check the web site:
>http://www.legacyfound.org/
>
>I did not find the part that discusses the issue of getting the charcoal
>fines to dry adequately.
>
>You have answered my earlier question about the popping/sparking of the
>briquette that had charcoal in it.
>
>Porosity of the binder material probably means less density, and thereby
>less heat value of the briquette, EXCEPT that the heat value of the
>charcoal fines probably more than compensates for the reduced energy from
>binder.
>
>Now Apolinario and I in Mozambique need to find MZ materials that allow the
>drying of the charcoal fines.
>
>More ideas and comments from anyone, please.
>
>Paul
>
>At 05:14 AM 2/13/02 -0800, richard stanley wrote:
>
>>With respect to Paul,
>>
>>The 100 odd groups we have trained have been using charcoal fines for
>>about 7 years. Through them, we learned early on that charcoal fines ,
>>while very porous, may not be sufficiently permeable to allow adequate
>>drying in a reasonable (4 to 6 days) time.
>>
>>It is essential to blend them with something which is more ppermeable to
>>allow the drainige of excess (free) water in the pressing process and
>>facilitate drying to ambient humidity. A tightly compacted clayey blend of
>>over ripe residues for example, surely would not work with the wet process
>>we use: A blend of sawdust and/orand coarser biomass will. Its all about
>>providing a fibrous yet porous binder in the residue blends. See our
>>website for more info , or for that matter please visit the stoves groups
>>photo pages throuh the kind assistance of Alex English, one of the
>>moderators of our group.
>>
>>Richard Stanley
>>
>>Kampala
>>
>>
>>----------
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>
>Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
>Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of 2001-2003
>Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
>Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
>E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

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From larch at kootenay.com Fri Feb 15 14:19:56 2002
From: larch at kootenay.com (David & Laura Strom)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: selling stoves
In-Reply-To: <1A0B0D90-2192-11D6-89D3-0003931A8C1A@mgmt.purdue.edu>
Message-ID: <3C6DA5AF.FF329D46@kootenay.com>

I've been thinking that a stove could be developed and marketed first to the
outdoor recreation market, which would pay for the higher cost of lower volume
production. Then, as the company gets on its feet, it can setup licenced
fabrication for lower cost in the countries where residential stoves are
needed.

This is an outdoor equipment cooperative store that donates 0.4% or their gross
revenue to environmental projects. Stove development might qualify, biomass
substitution for fossil and all. Check out their "Environmental Fund" page. And
you'd automatically have a retailer to sell them too!

http://www.mec.ca/Main/home.jsp

David Strom

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From kchisholm at ca.inter.net Sat Feb 16 13:09:38 2002
From: kchisholm at ca.inter.net (Kevin Chisholm)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: Stoves, charcoal and intellectual property rights
In-Reply-To: <005301c1b61b$fdeb19e0$2a47fea9@md>
Message-ID: <005001c1b73e$fad987e0$a819059a@kevin>

Dear Crispin

You have an extremely interesting challenge ahead of you. The matter is
extremely complex, and I certainly cannot see a solution.

The "Nature of Law" is that it describes exact circumstances, beyond which
the "Law" is broken, or transgressed. It is intended to create a "black or
white", yes or no", "right or wrong" outcome. It sets up a "win-lose"
condition, rather than a "win-win" condition.

Some people want to get "something for nothing." Some people have an
unrealistic "pride of authorship." Some people have a great need to control
and dominate. Some people are greedy. Some people have a social consciens.
Some people are fair and honorable. Some are amoral.

Some people would say "I was going to patent my idea and make a million
dollars, but somebody else has a patent on my idea, and the patent system is
wrong because now the other fella is going to make the million that I
wanted." They miss the fact that the patent cuts both ways.

Patents only become necessary when ego, money and human nature are involved.
:-)

I would suggest that a "perfect system" is one which serves the "enlightened
long term best interests of all concerned." The problem is to find the
mechanics that can bring this about.

An innovator takes great risk, in the sense that he spends resources on
investigating and developing unproven concepts. Very few such efforts lead
to a condition where a new concept repays the resources expended. If the
odds were 50 to 1 against him, a successful project would have to pay 50
times its actual cost to permit a stable system. This would be a "break-even
condition" There must be some provision for a "big win", but with a very
successful invention there comes a point where a "deserved big win" turns
into an "undeserved winfall"

Assume that someone invented a "perpetual stove", analagous to a "perpetual
motion machine", and got a patent on it. Assume further that this stove that
was always hot and never required refueling could be sold for $1. He would
have the right to prevent anyone from using his concept for 17 years. Where
does the "greater good" over ride the patent law?

Consider the case of AIDS drugs.... why is it OK for the Drug Companies to
be forced (legally or morally) to sell their drugs to "poor people in poor
countries" at just above their true cost, yet not be similarily obgligated
to provide the drugs to "poor people in rich countries?"

A Drug Company did extensive work on the Neem Tree, and found improved ways
to extract the oil and/or to make it more effective. They were jumped upon
from 40 stories because "they tried to patent the Neem Tree, that Indians
were using for thousands of years." The reality is they did no such
thing....they patented ways to improve on neem tree products.There were many
claims on behalf of the Indian peoples that "indigenous technology" was
being stolen, when in reality it was not.

An extreme benefit of the Patent SYstem is that technology becomes more
widely disseminated. It encourages people to share technology. If an
Indigenous Group has "sectret technology" which it retains as "secret" or
"proprietary,", they also should be subject to the same risks that a
developed country person takes when he with-holds his technology and sells
it on a proprietary basis. On the other hand, if the Indigenous group freely
"tells all", then the information is inthe Public Domaine, and is not
patentable.

Your example where someone takes a colectin of ideas and puts them together
in a way that he can get a patent is interesting. What he should do is at
least allow those to help him along the way to use his patent at no charge.
However, I would think he is quite entitled to a patent, in that he did
indeed come up with a new and improved system.

Just a few thoughts.... hope they are of some help...

Kevin Chisholm

----- Original Message -----
From: "New Dawn Engineering /ATEX" <crispin@newdawn.sz>
To: "Stoves" <stoves@crest.org>
Sent: Friday, February 15, 2002 8:25 AM
Subject: Stoves, charcoal and intellectual property rights

> Dear Stovers
>
> I am representing Swaziland at a UN conference on appropriate technology
and
> intellectual property law in Maseru at the end of the month.
>
> I am interested to know if anyone have any private contributions that
would
> open up this interesting field of law. At the moment the entire body of
law
> is pretty much drawn up to favour the formal inventor-entrepreneur.
Things
> like indigenous 'intellectual property' (if indeed it can be called that)
> which has been (legally speaking) 'public' for generations and their
> exploitation give rise to the most uninformed, emotional arguments.
>
> I have in mind drawing up an entirely new set of intellectual property
> agreements that are not founded in law but in 'fair practise' and rooted
in
> the well established rules of "shareware" as software is on the Net.
>
> Do you have any perspectives on this?
>
> As intellectual property protection and law enforcement in its present
form
> is basically unavailable to the masses because of its cost, I am proposing
a
> set of guidelines rather like the Sullivan Principles to govern the use of
> 'appropriate technology' and 'indigenous knowledge' which morally obligate
> someone who is profiting from knowledge they obtained for a 'secreted'
> source (not necessarily a patentable source) to pay the source, be it an
> individual, a legal body, or a 'tribe' or 'ethnic group'.
>
> At the moment the gap between formal sector corporations patenting
processes
> that mimic natural ones and the 'defenders' of indigenous knowledge (which
> is a lot of what appropriate technology is about) is unbridgeable. The
> 'defenders' want full patent protection and licencing for common
knowledge.
> It is my opinion that in large part people think that this protection is
ad
> infinitum. Because many people in Africa, for example, wring whole
economic
> lives out of creating a large amount of information friction around a tiny
> piece of information (like how to repair an aluminum pot) there is
> widespread expectation that information on healing or technology should be
> paid for forever because now the information 'is out'. These expectations
> are clearly out of tune with a regular patent.
>
> I expect the conference to be filled with uninformed recriminations and
> accusations with the 'Third World' ganging up on 'multinationals' however
> there might just be a place for a new initiative.
>
> I know enough about intellectual property law to be aware of my own
> ignorance of it. Therefore I am inviting you to participate in this
> initiative. Obviously no one is getting paid for any of this. It is just
a
> chance to write the first page of a new chapter in international
> intellectual property law.
>
> I am representing a country so I will sift and append to try to make a
> proposal that is representative of a defensible position at this juncture.
>
> The development, dissemination and trading in stoves is a perfect example
of
> problems related to this sector of international law.
>
> Can a Swazi come to the USA and learn the tricks of the trade by cleverly
> interviewing stove designers on the excuse that he is collecting
information
> for village tinsmiths at home. Then he goes home and works with a few
> buddies and they make a minor breakthrough based on their own knowledge of
> stoves. They then patent this and go to a US manufacturer, licencing them
> at bug bucks, essentially selling the accumulated knowledge they got from
> the Stovers in the US plus their little extra insight. How do the stovers
> feel when they go to buy an expensive stove that is patented mainly based
on
> information they gave the Swazi? Is this intellectual piracy? Should
some
> of the income go to the original advisers?
>
> Suppose I read all the comments ever passed on this discussion group and
> realize that adding up all the wood burning information equals a brilliant
> new patent. I have thought of nothing at all, only read the postings.
Who
> gets the income? Who should get the income?
>
> Should the stovers advise me on how to generate a patentable invention?
Can
> I get a manufacturer interested in making a new stove if it is not
> protected?
>
> Interesting stuff, this.
>
> Regards
> Crispin
>
>
> -
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>
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From psanders at ilstu.edu Sun Feb 17 13:22:18 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: selling stoves - Juntos approach
In-Reply-To: <1A0B0D90-2192-11D6-89D3-0003931A8C1A@mgmt.purdue.edu>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020217153551.017fc9d0@mail.ilstu.edu>

To Stoves Listserve, and my Rotarian friends (Rotarians, please consider
this information as background about the stoves project that I will be
proposing. Encouragement or advice to not seek Rotary assistance would be
appreciated.)

Stovers, please do NOT include the Rotarians for your replies (I will
provide a summary if and when needed), and Rotarians, you will NOT be able
to post to the Stoves List Serve (I will inform the Stovers of your
relevant messages.)

At 04:30 PM 2/14/02 -0500, Paul DeBruicker wrote:

<snip>
>how do you [anyone, not just Paul A.] get a prototype stove from a lab in
>Denver, or Oregon, or wherever into the hands of people who would actually
>benefit from your development work? It seems that without a workable
>dissemination plan, the design stage is just an academic exercise.

This is indeed a great challenge. In this message I will outline the plan
that I CURRENTLY have for a dissemination plan, and I welcome comments
that will assist in evaluating and implementing the plan.

<snip>
Paul DB wrote:
>once you have a "winning" design, the work has just begun because of the
>almost complete lack of dissemination infrastructure.

I (Paul A.) break this into 2 main parts: The physical materials of the
stoves and the education/introduction/"sales" of the stoves to the people
who could use them

>I have read that to be accepted, the stove has to be designed with the end
>users assistance, with the ability to use locally available materials, and
>ease of construction/maintenance so that the local community can take part
>in the economic benefits. So it appears that an entire decentralized
>construction and distribution network would need to be created at an
>affordable cost, with allowances for local design changes that would suit
>the needs of the regional customer base.

Paul DB's comment above means that the stove(s) had better be SIMPLE and
locally do-able and inexpensive and flexible for local adaptation.

>How do you close the gap between the designers and users so that the
>benefits of the stoves are actually realized?

********* Start of Paul Anderson's main message*****************

1. Each week I experiment with variations of my Juntos ("Together") stove
design, and I allow myself 2 more weeks to finalize a design. I have been
and will continue to describe the design to those on the Stoves listserve,
receive some feedback, and make adjustments.
That design I will take with me to southern Africa on 5 March. There I
will show it to Rotarian (appropriate technology engineering specialist)
Crispin in Swaziland (SZ), and together we will thrash out the "production"
issues, that I see as being mainly "tools" that Crispin (and others) can
make so that local people can go into the Juntos stove business at minimal
cost.

NOTE A: The stoves efforts are NOT the main objective of my trip to
Africa. I work at a University (Teachers College) there. But my work is
compatible with efforts for the stoves project, especially in the
"non-class" times.

NOTE B: The Juntos stove is becoming a "stack" of stove components, of
which the crucial one is at the bottom and is a natural convection gasifier
about the size of a 1 or 2 liter (1 or 2 quart) metal can. This weekend I
have expanded from the "Rocket Stove" design (which has continual lateral
feed of fuel) of the upper unit, and am now ALSO having "batch-loaded"
upper units with different functions. (details in separate messages.)

2. On my trip to SZ, South Africa (SA) and Mozambique (MZ), I will have 5
or more of the Juntos stoves with me (or I will make them "on the spot"
with the minimal materials and tools that I will have with me.). I will be
hampered by problems of appropriate fuels (plural) and the lack of
materials that we in North American and Europe take for granted. Although
local "tinsmiths" (sheet-metal workers) will eventually be able to produce
the parts that I want, currently they do not have any stock of what is needed.

3. One of my geography students (Apolinario) in MZ has a thesis topic
dealing with community acceptance of biomass briquettes. He and some
wonderful members of Interact (a Rotary sponsored youth group) and some
Scouts of Mozambique will be my key assistants. We will make a stove at
the University where I work and also at the home of (Interactor) Francisco
where we make briquettes. Francisco's mother everyday cooks outside in her
"patio" (nothing like patios in the USA, I assure you.). We must make it
functional in those circumstances before we can proceed to larger
numbers. Apolinario is planning to have a "demonstration cook-out" at the
University campus on the final days I am there in late March. He gets
academic credit for his efforts, and I (we) get feedback about what he shows.

4. In order to make plans for the future, I must assume a reasonable
degrees of success with manufacturing techniques (with Crispin) and of
success with cook/social acceptance. (If it does NOT have those successes,
I return to the drawing board.) With reasonable success, I will be laying
plans for a community-awareness-education activity to begin in July when I
am back in southern Africa.
A. Stove makers need to be shown what to make and the easiest ways to
make it.
B. Community people need to be shown the what, why, how etc. of
accomplishing their cooking needs with a different type of stove. The
benefits will need to be explained in terms that they will understand.

5. All of the above is influenced by the variations in poverty found in
southern Africa (and elsewhere). Some people have absolutely nothing, but
they could benefit by collection of biomass fuel materials that otherwise
are literally pollution on the city streets. Some other people will desire
an improved stove and purchase the minimal components but "construct" the
Juntos stove themselves. Still others could desire a more "up-scale"
version of the Juntos stove that could be purchased ready-to-use. And I
hope that a "refined" version will also become available, possibly
including the "turbo" forced-air features that Tom Reed is developing.

6. Although I can donate many hours to the stoves efforts, there are still
financial costs. For materials such as the demonstration stoves, and for
the tool-sets to get the local production started, there is money
needed. Some of that can repaid (provided as loans for tools rather than
as gifts). Other funding is to do the educational (informational) efforts,
such as printing of informational pages or modest expenses to sustain the
student volunteers, such as a bus ride to a location, or a small snack in a
long work period. This is not "wages" but more like incidental costs or
like "contractual expenses" to get goods delivered. Eventually, some of
these costs could be covered in a "sales commission" or "retailer profit
margin," but at the start they are the financial costs of implementation.

7. Sunset Rotary Club members (including myself) have already contributed
about $400 to the stoves and biomass briquettes projects (related parts of
one larger project). It is my intention to request $5000 to $10,000 from
the Rotary District funding. To obtain approval, I must refine and itemize
any cost estimates and give a more detailed timetable. I will also be
giving more information about the stoves themselves, including a cooking
demonstration on Juntos stoves at the District Conference in early June in
Illinois. I do not know if that funding will be approved, but this message
is going to some of the people who will have a say about yes or no.

8. Also, I will be providing Juntos stove information to the technical
specialists who can check the heat and efficiency and emissions and
whatever. But as Paul DB appropriately indicated, the dissemination issues
are critical for going from the development laboratory to the overseas
places of need.

Sincerely,

Paul

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From tombreed at attbi.com Mon Feb 18 03:43:45 2002
From: tombreed at attbi.com (Thomas Reed)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: selling stoves - WoodGas CampStove approach
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020217153551.017fc9d0@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <002201c1b880$3f9f1740$49b2ff0c@attbi.com>

Dear Paul, Paul, and Awl:

Paul D has asked some very prescient questions about propogating biomass
stoves to a world in great need. Paul A has outlined a reasonable plan for
stove dissemination to the poorest of the poor.

Let me outline our plan of attack for the rest of the developing world.

1) We develop an elegant WoodGas stove burning biomass trash (15 minutes) or
pellets (45 minutes). Shivayam and I are meeting weekly on this and I spend
most of my spare time on it.

2) We distribute 10 stoves to "beta" testers and get feedback, make
suggested modifications.

3) We establish production, marketing and sales to the affluent U.S. camping
and backup market.

4) We approach the High Commisioners of Refugee camps to find a test site
for a stove modified for their fuel, cooking and production needs.

5) We go successively to other refugee camps, modifying the stoves to fit
local needs of fuel, cooking and production.

6) As we fill the refugee camp needs, we consider "stovifying" the
surrounding countryside.

We would welcome comments from all sides.

Tom Reed, Shivayam Ellis, Katherine Cochrane THE BEF STOVEWORKS

PS: Paul DeBruicker, Vivian and I hope to be in Illinois in May. Hope you
can join us..
----- Original Message -----
From: "Paul S. Anderson" <psanders@ilstu.edu>
To: "Paul DeBruicker" <pdebruic@mgmt.purdue.edu>; <stoves@crest.org>
Cc: "Apolinário J Malawene" <ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>; "Bob and Karla
Weldon" <bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>; Subject: Re: selling stoves - Juntos
approach

> At 04:30 PM 2/14/02 -0500, Paul DeBruicker wrote:
>
> <snip>
> >how do you [anyone, not just Paul A.] get a prototype stove from a lab in
> >Denver, or Oregon, or wherever into the hands of people who would
actually
> >benefit from your development work? It seems that without a workable
> >dissemination plan, the design stage is just an academic exercise.
>
> This is indeed a great challenge. In this message I will outline the plan
> that I CURRENTLY have for a dissemination plan, and I welcome comments
> that will assist in evaluating and implementing the plan.
>
> <snip>
> Paul DB wrote:
> >once you have a "winning" design, the work has just begun because of the
> >almost complete lack of dissemination infrastructure.
>
> I (Paul A.) break this into 2 main parts: The physical materials of the
> stoves and the education/introduction/"sales" of the stoves to the people
> who could use them
>
> >I have read that to be accepted, the stove has to be designed with the
end
> >users assistance, with the ability to use locally available materials,
and
> >ease of construction/maintenance so that the local community can take
part
> >in the economic benefits. So it appears that an entire decentralized
> >construction and distribution network would need to be created at an
> >affordable cost, with allowances for local design changes that would suit
> >the needs of the regional customer base.
>
> Paul DB's comment above means that the stove(s) had better be SIMPLE and
> locally do-able and inexpensive and flexible for local adaptation.
>
> >How do you close the gap between the designers and users so that the
> >benefits of the stoves are actually realized?
>
> ********* Start of Paul Anderson's main message*****************
>
> 1. Each week I experiment with variations of my Juntos ("Together") stove
> design, and I allow myself 2 more weeks to finalize a design. I have been
> and will continue to describe the design to those on the Stoves listserve,
> receive some feedback, and make adjustments.
> That design I will take with me to southern Africa on 5 March. There I
> will show it to Rotarian (appropriate technology engineering specialist)
> Crispin in Swaziland (SZ), and together we will thrash out the
"production"
> issues, that I see as being mainly "tools" that Crispin (and others) can
> make so that local people can go into the Juntos stove business at minimal
> cost.
>
> NOTE A: The stoves efforts are NOT the main objective of my trip to
> Africa. I work at a University (Teachers College) there. But my work is
> compatible with efforts for the stoves project, especially in the
> "non-class" times.
>
> NOTE B: The Juntos stove is becoming a "stack" of stove components, of
> which the crucial one is at the bottom and is a natural convection
gasifier
> about the size of a 1 or 2 liter (1 or 2 quart) metal can. This weekend I
> have expanded from the "Rocket Stove" design (which has continual lateral
> feed of fuel) of the upper unit, and am now ALSO having "batch-loaded"
> upper units with different functions. (details in separate messages.)
>
> 2. On my trip to SZ, South Africa (SA) and Mozambique (MZ), I will have 5
> or more of the Juntos stoves with me (or I will make them "on the spot"
> with the minimal materials and tools that I will have with me.). I will
be
> hampered by problems of appropriate fuels (plural) and the lack of
> materials that we in North American and Europe take for granted. Although
> local "tinsmiths" (sheet-metal workers) will eventually be able to produce
> the parts that I want, currently they do not have any stock of what is
needed.
>
> 3. One of my geography students (Apolinario) in MZ has a thesis topic
> dealing with community acceptance of biomass briquettes. He and some
> wonderful members of Interact (a Rotary sponsored youth group) and some
> Scouts of Mozambique will be my key assistants. We will make a stove at
> the University where I work and also at the home of (Interactor) Francisco
> where we make briquettes. Francisco's mother everyday cooks outside in
her
> "patio" (nothing like patios in the USA, I assure you.). We must make it
> functional in those circumstances before we can proceed to larger
> numbers. Apolinario is planning to have a "demonstration cook-out" at the
> University campus on the final days I am there in late March. He gets
> academic credit for his efforts, and I (we) get feedback about what he
shows.
>
> 4. In order to make plans for the future, I must assume a reasonable
> degrees of success with manufacturing techniques (with Crispin) and of
> success with cook/social acceptance. (If it does NOT have those
successes,
> I return to the drawing board.) With reasonable success, I will be laying
> plans for a community-awareness-education activity to begin in July when I
> am back in southern Africa.
> A. Stove makers need to be shown what to make and the easiest ways
to
> make it.
> B. Community people need to be shown the what, why, how etc. of
> accomplishing their cooking needs with a different type of stove. The
> benefits will need to be explained in terms that they will understand.
>
> 5. All of the above is influenced by the variations in poverty found in
> southern Africa (and elsewhere). Some people have absolutely nothing, but
> they could benefit by collection of biomass fuel materials that otherwise
> are literally pollution on the city streets. Some other people will
desire
> an improved stove and purchase the minimal components but "construct" the
> Juntos stove themselves. Still others could desire a more "up-scale"
> version of the Juntos stove that could be purchased ready-to-use. And I
> hope that a "refined" version will also become available, possibly
> including the "turbo" forced-air features that Tom Reed is developing.
>
> 6. Although I can donate many hours to the stoves efforts, there are
still
> financial costs. For materials such as the demonstration stoves, and for
> the tool-sets to get the local production started, there is money
> needed. Some of that can repaid (provided as loans for tools rather than
> as gifts). Other funding is to do the educational (informational)
efforts,
> such as printing of informational pages or modest expenses to sustain the
> student volunteers, such as a bus ride to a location, or a small snack in
a
> long work period. This is not "wages" but more like incidental costs or
> like "contractual expenses" to get goods delivered. Eventually, some of
> these costs could be covered in a "sales commission" or "retailer profit
> margin," but at the start they are the financial costs of implementation.
>
> 7. Sunset Rotary Club members (including myself) have already contributed
> about $400 to the stoves and biomass briquettes projects (related parts of
> one larger project). It is my intention to request $5000 to $10,000 from
> the Rotary District funding. To obtain approval, I must refine and
itemize
> any cost estimates and give a more detailed timetable. I will also be
> giving more information about the stoves themselves, including a cooking
> demonstration on Juntos stoves at the District Conference in early June in
> Illinois. I do not know if that funding will be approved, but this
message
> is going to some of the people who will have a say about yes or no.
>
> 8. Also, I will be providing Juntos stove information to the technical
> specialists who can check the heat and efficiency and emissions and
> whatever. But as Paul DB appropriately indicated, the dissemination
issues
> are critical for going from the development laboratory to the overseas
> places of need.
>
> Sincerely,
>
> Paul
>
>
> Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
> Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of 2001-2003
> Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
> Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
> E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders
>
>
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From psanders at ilstu.edu Mon Feb 18 17:35:01 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: Not-processed biomass fuels, and making pellets
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020217153551.017fc9d0@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020218213123.01802980@mail.ilstu.edu>

At 06:29 AM 2/18/02 -0700, Thomas Reed wrote:

>1) We develop an elegant WoodGas stove burning biomass trash (15 minutes) or
>pellets (45 minutes). Shivayam and I are meeting weekly on this and I spend
>most of my spare time on it.

Tom (and others), please teach me about burning biomass trash in a gasifier
without processing it into briquettes or pellets.

Tell me about how much to load and how compact it can be and the sizes of
pieces of fuel and if they can (or should) be mixed.

I have burned some locust tree pods and litter, and also some misc chopped
stuff from my city shreader.

I am willing to dry future fuel with the excess heat that escapes above my
Juntos stove cooking area.

And does anyone have info on making "pellets" from sawdust. What I can buy
(pellet-stove fuel) is great, but some suitable locally-made pellets would
be nice to have. Sizes of half-centimeter to 2 centimeters diameters would
be great. Length is not important as long as it is not too short.

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From hseaver at cybershamanix.com Mon Feb 18 18:23:12 2002
From: hseaver at cybershamanix.com (Harmon Seaver)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: Not-processed biomass fuels, and making pellets
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020217153551.017fc9d0@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <20020219042225.GA24411@cybershamanix.com>

If you look on my website, you'll find two pdf files on briquetting technology and biomass densification. I
wish I had more info myself, as I would dearly love to have a screw press for making biomass "logs" and
pellets.

http://www.cybershamanix.com/stoves/woodgas/briqueting.pdf
http://www.cybershamanix.com/stoves/woodgas/densification.pdf

Since I can't quite afford a $50K Shimano screw press, I've been thinking of trying to build a hydraulic ram
pellet press -- actually just by building an oversize hydraulic log splitter and then adding a removable pellet
die system to it, so it would serve as both splitter and pelletizer. Certainly not anything you could use
commercially, but it might be interesting for experiments.
If anyone has any ideas of any other source of cheap pellet machinery or especailly screw presses, I'd be
glad to hear them.

On Mon, Feb 18, 2002 at 09:42:57PM -0600, Paul S. Anderson wrote:
>
> And does anyone have info on making "pellets" from sawdust. What I can buy
> (pellet-stove fuel) is great, but some suitable locally-made pellets would
> be nice to have. Sizes of half-centimeter to 2 centimeters diameters would
> be great. Length is not important as long as it is not too short.
>

--
Harmon Seaver
CyberShamanix
http://www.cybershamanix.com

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From CAVM at aol.com Tue Feb 19 02:52:33 2002
From: CAVM at aol.com (CAVM@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: Not-processed biomass fuels, and making pellets
Message-ID: <f3.1697fa98.29a3a4a0@aol.com>

In a message dated 2/18/2002 10:24:59 PM Central Standard Time,
hseaver@cybershamanix.com writes:

<< If anyone has any ideas of any other source of cheap pellet machinery or
especailly screw presses, I'd be
glad to hear them. >>
-----------------------------------------------

Farmer Automatic introduced a very nice economical, small capacity, low
density pellet machine last year or the year before at the Int'l Poultry Expo
in Atlanta, GA.

I had some of their promotional literature but let it get away. I see it is
not on their web page so you may have to email them to get the information.
http://www.farmerautomaticusa.com/

Neal Van Milligen
Kentucky Enrichment Inc
CAVM@AOL.com

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From adkarve at pn2.vsnl.net.in Tue Feb 19 03:44:13 2002
From: adkarve at pn2.vsnl.net.in (A.D. Karve)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: selling stoves - WoodGas CampStove approach
Message-ID: <000101c1b94e$e0e0c8a0$b452c5cb@adkarvepn2.vsnl.net.in>

Dear Tom,
your marketing strategy is good for a stove developer in the U.S. We are at
a more advantageous position, because we operate in a country in which about
70% of the population still uses biomass fueled stoves. So, we can get our
models tested directly in villages around our city. The developers of
stoves in the U.S. first think of the campers, and only at a later stage, of
the developing countries as a potential market. In our case, the campers'
market is so small that we just ignore it. Our primary objective is to
develop a stationary model, which would be used by a rural household.
Therefore, we do not have to be too particular about the weight and material
of construction etc.
The campers' models have the advantage that they are metallic and they can
be mass produced in a factory. Being portable, they are perhaps better
suited for rapid distribution among refugees or among people displaced by
earthquakes, floods, etc., but that is not a stable market. The campers'
models are also substantially more costly than the models developed by us,
which our local artisans produce with the help of a mould, using either clay
or cement concrete as the raw material. The heavy weight of our stoves
prevents them to be mass produced in a central factory and transported to
the potential users all over the country. Secondly, our stoves cannot just
be sold over the counter, because they have to be installed by an expert
into the kitchen of the client. Thus, there is also a service component to
the sale. Ours is therefore a highly decentralised industry, in which
patents are out of question, because it would be impossible to monitor their
use. We make money by selling the moulds and by charging training fees to
the artisans. Artisans, selling about 6000 to 10,000 stoves in a year, can
make a net profit of about Rs100,000 to 200,000 per annum, which is
comparable to the income of an urban middle class family in India.
A.D.Karve
-----Original Message-----
From: Thomas Reed <tombreed@attbi.com>
To: Paul DeBruicker <pdebruic@mgmt.purdue.edu>; stoves@crest.org
<stoves@crest.org>; Paul S. Anderson <psanders@ilstu.edu>
Cc: Bob and Karla Weldon <bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>; Katherine Cochrane
<kcochrane@earthlink.net>; Shivayam Ellis <shivayam55@hotmail.com>
Date: Monday, February 18, 2002 7:15 PM
Subject: selling stoves - WoodGas CampStove approach

>Dear Paul, Paul, and Awl:
>
>Paul D has asked some very prescient questions about propogating biomass
>stoves to a world in great need. Paul A has outlined a reasonable plan for
>stove dissemination to the poorest of the poor.
>
>Let me outline our plan of attack for the rest of the developing world.
>
>1) We develop an elegant WoodGas stove burning biomass trash (15 minutes)
or
>pellets (45 minutes). Shivayam and I are meeting weekly on this and I
spend
>most of my spare time on it.
>
>2) We distribute 10 stoves to "beta" testers and get feedback, make
>suggested modifications.
>
>3) We establish production, marketing and sales to the affluent U.S.
camping
>and backup market.
>
>4) We approach the High Commisioners of Refugee camps to find a test site
>for a stove modified for their fuel, cooking and production needs.
>
>5) We go successively to other refugee camps, modifying the stoves to fit
>local needs of fuel, cooking and production.
>
>6) As we fill the refugee camp needs, we consider "stovifying" the
>surrounding countryside.
>
>We would welcome comments from all sides.
>
>Tom Reed, Shivayam Ellis, Katherine Cochrane THE BEF STOVEWORKS
>
>PS: Paul DeBruicker, Vivian and I hope to be in Illinois in May. Hope you
>can join us..

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From cree at dowco.com Tue Feb 19 05:52:55 2002
From: cree at dowco.com (John Olsen)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:38 2004
Subject: pelletizer
Message-ID: <003a01c1b95d$663aa120$7c8457d1@olsen>

We are of course working on the SHIMADA briquettes and BBQ fuel, and now a
relatively small Pelletizer, Unit is 6' 10'' X 10' and is 6'2'' tall.
I have a pic if anyone is interested.
regards
John Olsen

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From RSamson at reap-canada.com Tue Feb 19 12:46:14 2002
From: RSamson at reap-canada.com (RSamson@reap-canada.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:39 2004
Subject: The Mayon Turbo Stove
Message-ID: <3C72D62F.E67CC70B@reap-canada.com>

Dear Stovers

You may be interested in an ongoing rice hull cooker stove improvement
program REAP has been involved in with partner organizations in the
Philippines. Detailed information on how to use and build the Mayon
Turbo Stove is now on our WEB site at:

www.reap-canada.com

Please fund below a summary of the projects background and development.

Like many developing countries, the Philippines has a growing population
and increasing rural poverty, and cooking fuels are becoming
increasingly scarce. REAP recently completed a report for NREL on
“Strategies for Enhancing Biomass Energy Utilization in the Philippines”
and one of the most promising options identified was to utilize rice
hulls as a low cost domestic cooking fuel source. There are more than
1.5 million tonnes of recoverable rice hulls in the Philippines which
could be used as cooking fuel by more than 1 million families. Using
rice hull locally in low cost cookers seemed the ideal way to utilize
the resource as it is widely dispersed and of a bulky nature. Rice hull
also has the natural advantage of being of a uniform and small size.
These characteristics make it relatively easy to design an efficient
combustion system for household cooking in comparison to burning with
wood or other crop residues.

In 2001, REAP acquired a 3 year funding program from the Canadian
International Development Agency to introduce an improved rice hull
stove into approximately 10,000 households in the Western Visayas region
of the Philippines. To improve the stove, we accessed all the major rice
hull stoves available in the Philippines including versions from the
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philrice, the Central
Philippine University (CPU) and a version of the Lo-Trau model developed
in Vietnam. Some of these stoves were superior to others but all
suffered from from one or several deficiencies including: incomplete
combustion, excess air, uncontrollable fuelbed fires, high rice hull
consumption and being overly expensive for rural peasants to purchase.
We needed to build a stove for under (US) $7.50, as this represented
one weeks salary in rural areas of the Western Visayas. Peasants also
were used to buying charcoal and firewood stoves made from clay that
sell for about (US)$ 0.50.

We decided to work with the Lo-Trau model because of its relatively low
cost and simple basic design. With our partner organizations, PDG and
MASIPAG, we streamlined production improvements to manufacture the stove
to get production costs down to (US)$7 per stove. However, we observed
that the stoves we were introducing to communities were experiencing
problems of incomplete combustion and required constant maintenance and
tapping. We made some initial combustion improvements to the stove by
lengthening the frustrum (the center cone) from 5 to 7 inches (which
also shrank the cone top and concentrated the flame under the pot). We
also drilled secondary air holes, 2 to 3 from the top of the cone. To
minimize fuelbed fires, we eliminated one of four rows of holes at the
base of the fuel bin to reduce upward airflow through the fuel bin.
These changes improved the stove, but the flame remained excessively
smoky and the stove required regular tapping (although this was reduced)
to maintain combustion. The CPU stove we tested had a single air vent
pipe through the bottom of the ashpan, which appeared to help reduce
smoke events. We decided to experiment with different sized pipes to
determine a level of air that would be adequate but not excessive. We
noticed that the single pipe caused a blue flame in the center of the
cone. However, surrounding this oxygen source, the flame was still an
orange-yellow colour. We realized we needed more air mixing in the cone
as we perceived there were still oxygen dead spots that led to
incomplete combustion of the gases. One option we tested was twin air
pipes of 1 inch diameter to increase turbulence inside the cone. They
ended up creating vortexes in the flames and appeared to slow the rate
of air flow out of the cone (which was excessive in the centre with the
single large air pipe). The result of the twin air injectors was that
after 3-5 minutes, a blue or nearly colourless flame was present
throughout the cone. Maintenance of the stove also was reduced, tapping
of the stove was only required after 10-12 minutes to maintain the stove
flame. However, we still experienced some smoke events after ten
minutes of burning when the rice hull turned to ash and reduced airflow
from the holes at the base of the fuel bin. We decided to increase the
size of the 10 secondary air vents from ¼ to 3/8 inch. After this
modification, we experienced no more smoke events due to oxygen
problems. Smoke events only occurred when the flame was going out due to
lack of fuel. This occurred generally when the fuel bed turned grey from
the hulls being completely burnt out. Simply tapping to introduce more
fuel, about every 10 minutes maintained the flame. The new model also
has been found to be easier to start, and produces less smoke upon
termination. Essentially we believe now the stove has a near perfect air
situation. There appears to be no excess air and no oxygen deficient
areas of the cone, or oxygen deficient periods during the entire burn
cycle. When new fuel is added, smoke infrequently occurs and a clean
burning flame returns rapidly. Clean combustion occurs as the new design
appears to increase the gases residence time in the inner cone and
exposes them to higher temperatures. The rice hull ash falling out is
now of a whitish grey colour. The changing nature of the airflow through
the fuel bed (as the relatively porous hull turns to ash) is dealt with
through the twin air pipes and secondary air at the top of the inner
cone. The most important new design improvement appears to be the twin
air injectors that create a swirling and mixing action. Older stoves in
communities are now being retrofitting with the twin pipes.

We have had favorable feedback thus far from communities using the
stove. Households are experiencing reductions in rice hull fuel
requirements, less maintenance and less smoke. The main activity we are
now examining is to build a smaller stove with a 6 inch diameter
fuelbed. The 7” diameter fuelbed model now appears to have excessive
heat output for smaller pots of rice because of more complete combustion
of the rice hulls and gases, and better control of the air flow. The
project is still in its first year and we are currently producing and
marketing approximately 350 stoves per month. Savings appear
considerable for low income rural families purchasing firewood, charcoal
and LPG. A user survey found cooking with the Mayon Turbo reduces the
annualized cooking cost (annual stove and purchased fuel cost) to only
(US) $5.20 per year in Negros, a 91-95% compared to purchasing the
aforementioned fuels.

A line drawing and instructions on how to build and use the Mayon Turbo
Stove can be found at www.reap-canada.com. We would be most willing to
work with other groups who are interested in building the improved stove
in other rice producing nations.

Good luck trying the stove and we look forward to your feedback.

Trevor Helwig, Claudia Ho Lem and Roger Samson

Resource Efficient Agricultural Production-Canada
Box 125, Maison Glenaladale,
Ste Anne de Bellevue,
Quebec, CANADA
H9X 3V9
WWW.REAP-CANADA.COM
Tel. (514) 398-7743
Fax (514) 398-7972

"Creating ecological energy, fibre and food production systems"

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Tue Feb 19 15:11:30 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:39 2004
Subject: The Mayon Turbo Stove
In-Reply-To: <3C72D62F.E67CC70B@reap-canada.com>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020219185036.01816a50@mail.ilstu.edu>

Dear REAPers (if that is an appropriate and respectful name.)

I have read all and have printed all of the site. You have a great
product. Your manufacturing abilities are impressive. Your pictures and
descriptions are great and are a model for others to emulate.

There are several similarities of your Mayon stove with the gasifier but
yet you are not actually a gasifier of the top-lighted, up-draft type that
I am working on for the Juntos stove. Your big advantage is the ability
to load extra fuel from the top and continue your burn. Second "advantage"
(to some) is that you burn fully to ash, meaning you do NOT produce
charcoal that could be removed; your stove consumes the char, yielding heat
energy. One disadvantage of that is that you metal will become hotter, and
therefore your stove must be of "substantial" metal and not of "tincanium".

We must all congratulate you on bringing the cost of your stove down to the
US$7 mark.

Via the Stoves list serve I will keep you informed of some ideas
appropriate (?) for what you are doing.

Only if I am incorrect, please comment: I believe that your outer cone
(what you call the "main drum" in the list of Materials) is a hopper in
which rice hulls are held and then scooped from there and placed into the
inner-most circular opening. (nice way to minimize spilling of a fine
substance like rice hulls.) But since it does not get hot (except for the
lower part with the primary air holes), why not incorporate the air holes
into the inner units, and then just have a thin sheet-metal cone to be the
hopper for the rice hulls? This would greatly reduce your materials costs.

Can you please comment further on your experiences with the "supplementary
fuels" (in the "how2 use" document) in relation to your
stove. Specifically about coconut husks and corn cobs as being
"longer,slower burning". but please tell me (us) about heat generation and
need to tend or not tend the fire more.

I for one look forward to working with you. Are you willing to do
experiments via e-mail?

Paul

At 05:48 PM 2/19/02 -0500, RSamson@reap-canada.com wrote:
>Dear Stovers
>
>You may be interested in an ongoing rice hull cooker stove improvement
>program REAP has been involved in with partner organizations in the
>Philippines. Detailed information on how to use and build the Mayon
>Turbo Stove is now on our WEB site at:
>
>www.reap-canada.com
>
>Please fund below a summary of the projects background and development.
>
>Like many developing countries, the Philippines has a growing population
>and increasing rural poverty, and cooking fuels are becoming
>increasingly scarce. REAP recently completed a report for NREL on
>“Strategies for Enhancing Biomass Energy Utilization in the Philippines”
>and one of the most promising options identified was to utilize rice
>hulls as a low cost domestic cooking fuel source. There are more than
>1.5 million tonnes of recoverable rice hulls in the Philippines which
>could be used as cooking fuel by more than 1 million families. Using
>rice hull locally in low cost cookers seemed the ideal way to utilize
>the resource as it is widely dispersed and of a bulky nature. Rice hull
>also has the natural advantage of being of a uniform and small size.
>These characteristics make it relatively easy to design an efficient
>combustion system for household cooking in comparison to burning with
>wood or other crop residues.
>
>In 2001, REAP acquired a 3 year funding program from the Canadian
>International Development Agency to introduce an improved rice hull
>stove into approximately 10,000 households in the Western Visayas region
>of the Philippines. To improve the stove, we accessed all the major rice
>hull stoves available in the Philippines including versions from the
>International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philrice, the Central
>Philippine University (CPU) and a version of the Lo-Trau model developed
>in Vietnam. Some of these stoves were superior to others but all
>suffered from from one or several deficiencies including: incomplete
>combustion, excess air, uncontrollable fuelbed fires, high rice hull
>consumption and being overly expensive for rural peasants to purchase.
>We needed to build a stove for under (US) $7.50, as this represented
>one weeks salary in rural areas of the Western Visayas. Peasants also
>were used to buying charcoal and firewood stoves made from clay that
>sell for about (US)$ 0.50.
>
>We decided to work with the Lo-Trau model because of its relatively low
>cost and simple basic design. With our partner organizations, PDG and
>MASIPAG, we streamlined production improvements to manufacture the stove
>to get production costs down to (US)$7 per stove. However, we observed
>that the stoves we were introducing to communities were experiencing
>problems of incomplete combustion and required constant maintenance and
>tapping. We made some initial combustion improvements to the stove by
>lengthening the frustrum (the center cone) from 5 to 7 inches (which
>also shrank the cone top and concentrated the flame under the pot). We
>also drilled secondary air holes, 2 to 3 from the top of the cone. To
>minimize fuelbed fires, we eliminated one of four rows of holes at the
>base of the fuel bin to reduce upward airflow through the fuel bin.
>These changes improved the stove, but the flame remained excessively
>smoky and the stove required regular tapping (although this was reduced)
>to maintain combustion. The CPU stove we tested had a single air vent
>pipe through the bottom of the ashpan, which appeared to help reduce
>smoke events. We decided to experiment with different sized pipes to
>determine a level of air that would be adequate but not excessive. We
>noticed that the single pipe caused a blue flame in the center of the
>cone. However, surrounding this oxygen source, the flame was still an
>orange-yellow colour. We realized we needed more air mixing in the cone
>as we perceived there were still oxygen dead spots that led to
>incomplete combustion of the gases. One option we tested was twin air
>pipes of 1 inch diameter to increase turbulence inside the cone. They
>ended up creating vortexes in the flames and appeared to slow the rate
>of air flow out of the cone (which was excessive in the centre with the
>single large air pipe). The result of the twin air injectors was that
>after 3-5 minutes, a blue or nearly colourless flame was present
>throughout the cone. Maintenance of the stove also was reduced, tapping
>of the stove was only required after 10-12 minutes to maintain the stove
>flame. However, we still experienced some smoke events after ten
>minutes of burning when the rice hull turned to ash and reduced airflow
>from the holes at the base of the fuel bin. We decided to increase the
>size of the 10 secondary air vents from ¼ to 3/8 inch. After this
>modification, we experienced no more smoke events due to oxygen
>problems. Smoke events only occurred when the flame was going out due to
>lack of fuel. This occurred generally when the fuel bed turned grey from
>the hulls being completely burnt out. Simply tapping to introduce more
>fuel, about every 10 minutes maintained the flame. The new model also
>has been found to be easier to start, and produces less smoke upon
>termination. Essentially we believe now the stove has a near perfect air
>situation. There appears to be no excess air and no oxygen deficient
>areas of the cone, or oxygen deficient periods during the entire burn
>cycle. When new fuel is added, smoke infrequently occurs and a clean
>burning flame returns rapidly. Clean combustion occurs as the new design
>appears to increase the gases residence time in the inner cone and
>exposes them to higher temperatures. The rice hull ash falling out is
>now of a whitish grey colour. The changing nature of the airflow through
>the fuel bed (as the relatively porous hull turns to ash) is dealt with
>through the twin air pipes and secondary air at the top of the inner
>cone. The most important new design improvement appears to be the twin
>air injectors that create a swirling and mixing action. Older stoves in
>communities are now being retrofitting with the twin pipes.
>
>We have had favorable feedback thus far from communities using the
>stove. Households are experiencing reductions in rice hull fuel
>requirements, less maintenance and less smoke. The main activity we are
>now examining is to build a smaller stove with a 6 inch diameter
>fuelbed. The 7” diameter fuelbed model now appears to have excessive
>heat output for smaller pots of rice because of more complete combustion
>of the rice hulls and gases, and better control of the air flow. The
>project is still in its first year and we are currently producing and
>marketing approximately 350 stoves per month. Savings appear
>considerable for low income rural families purchasing firewood, charcoal
>and LPG. A user survey found cooking with the Mayon Turbo reduces the
>annualized cooking cost (annual stove and purchased fuel cost) to only
>(US) $5.20 per year in Negros, a 91-95% compared to purchasing the
>aforementioned fuels.
>
>A line drawing and instructions on how to build and use the Mayon Turbo
>Stove can be found at www.reap-canada.com. We would be most willing to
>work with other groups who are interested in building the improved stove
>in other rice producing nations.
>
>Good luck trying the stove and we look forward to your feedback.
>
>Trevor Helwig, Claudia Ho Lem and Roger Samson
>
>Resource Efficient Agricultural Production-Canada
>Box 125, Maison Glenaladale,
>Ste Anne de Bellevue,
>Quebec, CANADA
>H9X 3V9
>WWW.REAP-CANADA.COM
>Tel. (514) 398-7743
>Fax (514) 398-7972
>
>"Creating ecological energy, fibre and food production systems"
>
>
>
>
>
>
>-
>Stoves List Archives and Website:
>http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
>http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
>http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
>
>Stoves List Moderators:
>Ron Larson, ronallarson@qwest.net
>Alex English, english@adan.kingston.net
>Elsen L. Karstad, elk@wananchi.com www.chardust.com
>
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>-
>Other Biomass Stoves Events and Information:
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>http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1010424940_7.html Bioenergy
>http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
>http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon
>
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From elk at wananchi.com Tue Feb 19 20:37:20 2002
From: elk at wananchi.com (elk)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:39 2004
Subject: The Mayon Turbo Stove
In-Reply-To: <3C72D62F.E67CC70B@reap-canada.com>
Message-ID: <003c01c1b9d9$9744e100$f840083e@default>

Trevor, Claudio and Roger;

Congratulations on your success with the Mayon Turbo Stove.

This is stirring stuff! Gets my pulse rate up!

I've downloaded the info from your site and will make one for testing with
sawdust and coffee husk. I'll let you know how it performs as the results
come in.

elk

--------------------------
Elsen L. Karstad
elk@wananchi.com
www.chardust.com
Nairobi Kenya

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From ronallarson at qwest.net Tue Feb 19 20:56:23 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:39 2004
Subject: The Mayon Turbo Stove
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020219185036.01816a50@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <00a801c1b9dc$2e5439e0$0de46641@computer>

Roger (cc Paul and other stovers)

1. Like Paul, I am impressed by your results. But I am afraid I am
not yet understanding the geometry. I think I will better understand if you
could expand on the sentence on page 3 of your second section called
"simplerhsguide" - where you say: "The outer drum is .....attached 1 1/8
inches inside the outer bin to provide effective rice hull flow to the fuel
bed. "
Could you provide another sketch showing this 1 1/8" dimension?

2. Do you have any measurements on any of the effluent gases? (CO2, CO,
O2 %, etc)

3. Any measurements on efficiency?

4. Another sentence that I haven't understood was in the section on
operation: "If tapping to introduce new fuel does not immediately restart
the fire, the opening between the rice hull outer fuel bin and inner cone
can be reopened." These seem to be the same diameter (7") - so perhaps
they are arranged vertically by some distance (perhaps like the 1 1/8"
mentioned above?) Could you expand on how the reopening is accomplished
during operation?

5. It was nice to see that you have been supported by NREL - where I
used to work. Can you give more information on the persons there with whom
you have been working - and on reports you have supplied to them?

6. Again - a very nice initial report to "stoves" - on what is clearly a
very novel and interesting design. Congratulations!!

Ron

----- Original Message -----
From: Paul S. Anderson <psanders@ilstu.edu>
<snip>
Sent: Tuesday, February 19, 2002 6:19 PM
Subject: Re: The Mayon Turbo Stove

Dear REAPers (if that is an appropriate and respectful name.)

I have read all and have printed all of the site. You have a great

<SNIP>

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From Carefreeland at aol.com Wed Feb 20 00:32:17 2002
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:39 2004
Subject: pelletizer
Message-ID: <a4.2170335b.29a4d53d@aol.com>

Dear John,
I would be intrested in looking at this pelletizer. I'm about to drown
in biomass resources (woodchips). Do you have any info on cost? How about
operating costs?
Daniel Dimiduk

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From RSamson at reap-canada.com Wed Feb 20 08:39:54 2002
From: RSamson at reap-canada.com (RSamson@reap-canada.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:39 2004
Subject: The Mayon Turbo Stove
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020219185036.01816a50@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <3C73EDC1.5FC6C14A@reap-canada.com>

Thanks for the feedback on the stove from Paul, Elk, and Ron.

We are now in the process of improving some of the terminology to describe the
different stove components on our web site so readers will find it easier to
follow. Please find below some further explanation which hopefully responds to
your initial questions.

There are two main components to the cooker.

1. The hopper (or outer fuel bin) which gravity feeds the bulk loose fuels like
rice hull, sawdust and coffee hulls into the combustion area.

2. The centrepiece consists of the inner cone and centre drum which are welded
together at the base. No air space is left in between to prevent smoke coming up
between the two pieces (also rice hull should not be spilled in this area).
Small quantities of solid fuels are added directly from the top into the inner
cone.

When putting together the components, the centrepiece is descended into the
hopper until a 1 1/8" gap is left on all sides between the centrepiece and
hopper and it is fixed at this location. This spacing enables tapping to gravity
feed fuel from the hopper into the combustion area below the centrepiece. The
draft created by the fire in the inner cone draws air in through the hopper
which prevents fires occuring in the fuel storage area. The holes in the hopper
are directly under the centrepiece and provide the air flow to cause pyrolysis
in the fuelbed. The suggestion to change the entry of air from the bottom of the
centrepiece would provide air above the fuelbed.

Initially when we start the stove (or if it goes out) we have no draft. Opening
a space between the hopper and centrepiece with your hand or a utensil allows
air to pass freely into the inner cone. Once the draft is created the stove
itself will draw the air it requires. Opening the large hole accelerates the
stoves starting. We close the hole after starting to prevent an excess air
situation.

The low cost of the cooker is really a function of three things: a simple design
which is not material intensive, finding effective and affordable equipment to
streamline mass production, and training a dedicated group of people (in our
case mainly farmers sons) to build stoves for our partner farmer organizations
(who are the stove sellers).

The stove will last less than one year if exposed to rain and it burns a lot of
solid fuels. It needs to be kept dry. We use 16 gauge steel for the centrepiece
and are looking at switching to 16 gauge steel for the hopper as well. The heat
intensity created really isn't that bad with rice hulls but it is with hotter
burning fuels like coconut shells. We anticipate replacing the centrepiece every
1.5-2 years and the entire unit every 3 to 4 years.

As far as maintenance, there is little tapping required to keep the stove
functioning or need for manual ash removal. Perhaps the biggest maintenance
issue now is to watch the stove for fuelbed fires when it is being used for
extended cooking periods (eg greater than 30 minutes). We need to keep adding
additional hull or to bury the rice hull material that is against the centre
piece if the stove gets quite hot and the rice hull is quite dry.

We have data on the efficiency of the Lo Trau cooker. We have not tested our
cooker yet but Dean Still has graciously offered to test it for emissions and
efficiencies. If anyone is currently assessing emissions of stoves for GHG or
household smoke related studies we would be most pleased to provide a stove for
your trials.

Ralph Overend from NREL was the Technical Monitor on our Subcontractor Report
for the "Strategies to Enhance Biomass Energy Utilization in the Philippines".
He provided very helpful discussions in creating the overall analysis and
provided effective input into improving the economics of stoves analysis.
REAP-Canada supported NREL on their USAID project work in the Philippines
because we were one of the few organizations that had a history of working in
the bioenergy and agriculture fields and existing relationships working with
Philippines scientists and peasant support groups. The report can be found at:

www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/30813.pdf.

An earlier CIDA project allowed us to intially field test the Lo-Trau stove in
Negros communities along with other appropriate technology equipment as part of
our Agroecological Village development programming. CIDA will feature the stove
as part of their presentation on the Canada Climate Change Development Fund at
Globe 2002 in Vancouver next month. We have several preliminary reports for CIDA
on the poverty alleviation impacts and the GHG mitigation potential of the stove
which we will post on our web site.

Thanks again for all your positive feedback. We look forward to work with you
through the Stoves discussion group to improve it further.

Trevor Helwig, Claudia Ho Lem and Roger Samson

Resource Efficient Agricultural Production-Canada
Box 125, Maison Glenaladale,
Ste Anne de Bellevue,
Quebec, CANADA
H9X 3V9
WWW.REAP-CANADA.COM
Tel. (514) 398-7743
Fax (514) 398-7972

"Creating ecological energy, fibre and food production systems"

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From Carefreeland at aol.com Thu Feb 21 02:40:02 2002
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:39 2004
Subject: Fw: NEW VIRUS WATCH
Message-ID: <129.cdb697b.29a644b9@aol.com>

Virus with no cure.

Please, send this information to every person in your address book.

If you receive an e-mail that reads "Upgrade Internet" do not open it, as
it contains an executable file named "perrin.exe" it will erase all the
data in your hard drive and it will stay in your memory.

Every time that you upload any data, that data will be automatically
erased and you will not be able to use your computer again.

This information was published yesterday in the CNN web site.

This is a very dangerous virus.

To this date. There is no known anti virus program for this particular
virus please, forward this information to your friends, so that they will
be on the alert, also check the list below, sent by IBM with the names of
some e-mails that, if received. SHOULD NOT BE OPENED and must be deleted
immediately. Because they contain attached viruses.

This way your computer will be safe.

The Titles are:

1) buddylst.exe

2) calcul8r.exe

3) deathpr.exe

4) einstein.exe

5) happ.exe

6) girls.exe

7) happy99.exe

8) japanese.exe

9) keypress.exe

10) kitty.exe

11) monday.exe

12) teletubb..exe

13) The Phantom Menace

14) prettypark.exe

15) UP-GRADE INTERNET

16) perrin.exe

17) I love You

18) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

i9) CELCOM Screen Saver or CELSAVER.EX

20) Win a Holiday (e-mail)

21) JOIN THE CREW 0 PENPALS Subject: Virus

Announced by Microsoft

This is VERY SERIOUS!! Please forward to everyone you know

There is a virus out flow being sent to people via E-mail. lt. is
considered the A.l.D.S. VIRUS of computers.

It will destroy your memory, sound card and speakers, your drive and it
will infect your mouse or pointing device as well as your keyboards, making
it so that you can't type and it will not register on the screen. It
seIf-terminates only after it eats 5MB of hard drive space and will delete
all programs.

It will come via an E-mail called "(OPEN. VERY COOL!:)" DELETE IT
immediately'! It will basically render your computer useless.

Pass this on QUICKLY AND TO AS MANY PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE.

Very Urgent, Must Read

Please.

If you receive an E-mail Titled "Win A Holiday" DO NOT
open it.
It will erase everything on your hard drive.

Forward this letter out to as many people as you can.

This is a new, very malicious virus and not many people
know about it.

This information was announced yesterday morning from
Microsoft.

Neil Ferrick

Compaq Computer Corporation

From keith at journeytoforever.org Thu Feb 21 05:39:29 2002
From: keith at journeytoforever.org (Keith Addison)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:39 2004
Subject: Fw: NEW VIRUS WATCH
In-Reply-To: <129.cdb697b.29a644b9@aol.com>
Message-ID: <v0421011ab89ac195e8dc@[192.168.0.2]>

Carefreeland@aol.com wrote:

>In a message dated 2/21/02 7:22:14 AM Eastern Standard Time,
>garyk@donet.com writes:

This is a hoax. Virus hoaxes are almost as common as viruses, and
cause much damage. CHECK FIRST with the virus info sites before
distributing such things to "every person in your address book". If
you use Windows software it is your obligation to other Internet
users to make sure that your system is properly patched and updated
and that effective, updated, anti-virus software is installed and
active.

Furthermore, this is an OLD hoax - it dates from January 1999.

The Perrin.exe hoax:
http://vil.mcafee.com/dispVirus.asp?virus_k=10417&
McAfee.com - Virus Information Library

Windows security updates:
http://windowsupdate.microsoft.com

http://securityresponse.symantec.com/
Symantec Security Response

http://www.mcafee.com/anti-virus/default.asp?
McAfee.com - Anti-Virus

Keith Addison

>
>>
>>
>>Virus with no cure.
>>
>>Please, send this information to every person in your address book.
>>
>>If you receive an e-mail that reads "Upgrade Internet" do not open it, as
>>it contains an executable file named "perrin.exe" it will erase all the
>>data in your hard drive and it will stay in your memory.
>>
>>Every time that you upload any data, that data will be automatically
>>erased and you will not be able to use your computer again.
>>
>>This information was published yesterday in the CNN web site.
>>
>>This is a very dangerous virus.
>>
>>To this date. There is no known anti virus program for this particular
>>virus please, forward this information to your friends, so that they will
>>be on the alert, also check the list below, sent by IBM with the names of
>>some e-mails that, if received. SHOULD NOT BE OPENED and must be deleted
>>immediately. Because they contain attached viruses.
>>
>>This way your computer will be safe.
>>
>>The Titles are:
>>
>>1) buddylst.exe
>>
>>2) calcul8r.exe
>>
>>3) deathpr.exe
>>
>>4) einstein.exe
>>
>>5) happ.exe
>>
>>6) girls.exe
>>
>>7) happy99.exe
>>
>>8) japanese.exe
>>
>>9) keypress.exe
>>
>>10) kitty.exe
>>
>>11) monday.exe
>>
>>12) teletubb..exe
>>
>>13) The Phantom Menace
>>
>>14) prettypark.exe
>>
>>15) UP-GRADE INTERNET
>>
>>16) perrin.exe
>>
>>17) I love You
>>
>>18) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
>>
>>i9) CELCOM Screen Saver or CELSAVER.EX
>>
>>20) Win a Holiday (e-mail)
>>
>>21) JOIN THE CREW 0 PENPALS Subject: Virus
>>
>>Announced by Microsoft
>>
>>This is VERY SERIOUS!! Please forward to everyone you know
>>
>>There is a virus out flow being sent to people via E-mail. lt. is
>>considered the A.l.D.S. VIRUS of computers.
>>
>>It will destroy your memory, sound card and speakers, your drive and it
>>will infect your mouse or pointing device as well as your keyboards, making
>>it so that you can't type and it will not register on the screen. It
>>seIf-terminates only after it eats 5MB of hard drive space and will delete
>>all programs.
>>
>>It will come via an E-mail called "(OPEN. VERY COOL!:)" DELETE IT
>>immediately'! It will basically render your computer useless.
>>
>>Pass this on QUICKLY AND TO AS MANY PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE.
>>
>>Very Urgent, Must Read
>>
>>Please.
>>
>>If you receive an E-mail Titled "Win A Holiday" DO NOT
>>open it.
>>It will erase everything on your hard drive.
>>
>>Forward this letter out to as many people as you can.
>>
>>This is a new, very malicious virus and not many people
>>know about it.
>>
>>This information was announced yesterday morning from
>>Microsoft.
>>
>>Neil Ferrick
>>
>>Compaq Computer Corporation

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From keith at journeytoforever.org Thu Feb 21 06:26:11 2002
From: keith at journeytoforever.org (Keith Addison)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:39 2004
Subject: Fwd: Help us turn our sawdust into fuel - please
Message-ID: <v0421011db89aceadfc67@[192.168.0.2]>

Can anyone help Simon? Please reply to him direct.

Keith Addison

>From: "Simon Checkley" <simoncheckley@hotmail.com>
>To: keith@journeytoforever.org
>Subject: Help us turn our sawdust into fuel - please
>Date: Thu, 21 Feb 2002 11:37:34 +0000
>
>Dear Keith
>
>I am writing on behalf of the Matumaini Rehabilitation Centre - Kenya
>
>Matumaini is a centre (registered as a Self-help group & Charity No.
>283692) that provides education and medical care for disabled Kenyan
>children. There are about 45 children with either physical or
>mental disabilities who stay at the centre during term time and go
>to the local primary school for their education. Our aim is to
>integrate children with disabilities into the community as far as
>possible thus giving those children a sense of self-worth and
>dignity. There is also a vocational training school for a further
>40 students, again there is a mix of able-bodied and students with
>disabilities. Within the centre, there is also a clinic and a
>nursery for the younger children. In addition, the centre supports
>a further 40 disabled children in the community, providing funds for
>school fees, surgery etc.
>
>The centre comprises a hostel that costs about £12,000 per year to
>operate, the training school (about £6,000 per annum) and the clinic
>(about £3,000 per annum). Financing these projects is a continuing
>struggle as funds are from private sources. However the Government
>assists by providing teachers within the primary school and
>occasionally some maize is donated to the hostel.
>
>The centre is located in an area with many sawmills and many large
>mountains of sawdust that are just left to rot. I was wondering if
>you could give us any advice on how I may be able to turn this
>sawdust into fuel for the centre, preferably a low cost method.
>
>I'd be very greatful for any advice you could offer.
>
>All correspondence should be addressed to Mr. S. Checkley, Box 62,
>Molo, Kenya – my email is simoncheckley@hotmail.com
>
>
>
>
>Yours sincerely
>
>
>
>
>Simon Checkley
>Marketing Executive

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From JEFF.FORSSELL at ssvh.se Thu Feb 21 07:35:06 2002
From: JEFF.FORSSELL at ssvh.se (Jeff Forssell)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:39 2004
Subject: Help us turn our sawdust into fuel - please
Message-ID: <A11397FBE741D411B2E700D0B74770E96C5B24@exchange.ssvh.se>

The Mayon stove (for rice hulls) is supposed to work at least as well with
sawdust

see:

www.reap-canada.com/Reports/how2useRHS.htm

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Thu Feb 21 12:05:55 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:39 2004
Subject: Juntos (Together) stove Feb 2002
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020221151808.0183c930@mail.ilstu.edu>

Stovers and other Friends,

This is the first (pictorial) part of my report on the February 2002
developments with the Juntos (Together) stove. The report includes
6 small-format pictures. If your computer does not read in these
pictures, please contact me if you would like to have them. I have
sent it to myself twice as a forward, and that seems to work. But
it does NOT seem to "copy" and "paste", so you might
not be able to save it as a word processor document.

Since its inception a couple of months ago, the Juntos stove has been
modified substantially to simplify it. It still is a
"stack" of burners, etc. on top of each other, but now each
burner or cooking unit or chimney unit can be individually removed
without moving any other unit. This is because of multiple racks as
you can see in the first and second photographs.

Picture 1 is below.

Picture 1 is above.

They are NOT grills nor grates. They are RACKS to hold units
in place. The vertical (white) construction is cement blocks,
but people could use bricks or hard mud or metal or stones or other
materials (even wood if care is taken to not expose it to the
flames.)

My Juntos stoves is inside a metal tool shed at my home. The
temperature during the time of these photos was about 45 degrees F (about
12-14 centigrade). No wind because I am inside the shed (with the
doors wide open.)

Picture 2 is below.

Picture 2 is above.

You are viewing a gasifier in the bottom level and an internally tapered
chimney in the second level. More about the levels in a later
message.

Picture 3 below show the seven gasifiers, of which I made six myself
(except for the one on the far right end that fits into the metal box
next to it.)

Pictures 4 and 5 (below) show the top and bottom of one gasifier made
from a #10 tin can with an outer metal "jacket" for pre-heating
secondary air.

And picture 6 below shows that gasifier burning.

End of this message. Another message with text only comes
soon.
Paul

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From atprojects at global.net.pg Thu Feb 21 14:47:29 2002
From: atprojects at global.net.pg (ATprojects Inc.)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:39 2004
Subject: Pictures !!
Message-ID: <l03130305b89b20ee67df@[202.1.52.199]>

I live and work in Papua New Guinea where telephone connections are bad and
speeds are slow, over the past few weeks members have been posting pictures
as well as text .... maybe in the developed world this is useful but here
in PNG it takes "hours" to down load these pictures !!

May be we could have a system where members could request pictures?

I do not want to leave the list as its useful to our work here, but the
current system is not working for us ..... what do other people in the
developing world think?

Regards

Steve Layton

The information contained in this email message is intended only for the
addressee. If you are not the intended recipient you must not use,
disclose, copy or distribute this message or the information in it. If you
have received this message in error, please email the sender immediately."
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ATprojects is based in Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province. We work with
both district and provincial governments, churches, rural communities and
other NGOs in the Eastern Highlands Province. Our aim is to enable rural
people to use appropriate technologies which give them more control over
their lives and which contribute to the sustainable development of their
communities.

For more information on our work go to http://www.global.net.pg/atprojects

This email may be confidential and/or privileged. Only the intended
recipient may access or use it. We use virus scanning software but exclude
all liability for viruses or similar in any attachment.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------"

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From willing at mb.sympatico.ca Thu Feb 21 15:13:37 2002
From: willing at mb.sympatico.ca (Scott Willing)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Pictures !!
In-Reply-To: <l03130305b89b20ee67df@[202.1.52.199]>
Message-ID: <3C7547FF.27777.61EFF1@localhost>

Steve,

List members who posted the pictures took care to make them
relatively small and invited comment specifically as to whether the
size was a problem. They are clearly sensitive to the bandwidth
issue.

My connection is very slow by North American standards (28.8k at
best) and the pictures weren't a problem for me. But I know what it
is like when someone casually attaches a Word document of 500kB
or more (!!) without a second thought.

Sorry to hear that the pictures were a stress for you to receive. I'm
afraid the only reasonable solution is to post pictures on a website
somewhere and provide links, so that viewing is optional.

-Scott Willing

Date sent: Fri, 22 Feb 2002 09:18:58 +1100
To: stoves@crest.org
From: "ATprojects Inc." <atprojects@global.net.pg>
Subject: Pictures !!

> I live and work in Papua New Guinea where telephone connections are bad and
> speeds are slow, over the past few weeks members have been posting pictures
> as well as text .... maybe in the developed world this is useful but here
> in PNG it takes "hours" to down load these pictures !!
>
> May be we could have a system where members could request pictures?
>
> I do not want to leave the list as its useful to our work here, but the
> current system is not working for us ..... what do other people in the
> developing world think?
>
> Regards
>
> Steve Layton

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From hseaver at cybershamanix.com Thu Feb 21 17:29:46 2002
From: hseaver at cybershamanix.com (Harmon Seaver)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Pictures !!
In-Reply-To: <3C7547FF.27777.61EFF1@localhost>
Message-ID: <3C75BB43.3040605@cybershamanix.com>

Yes, but that was last one was actually 480KB. Or so says my
browser. And I think there have been numerous requests on both stoves
and gas-l to have the list owner simply block all attachments. It would
be a very simple thing to do, and likewise a very simple thing to create
a place on the website to send the pictures to instead. Frankly, I have
a hard time understanding why, especially given the international often
3rd world nature of this list, attachments are allowed at all.
And although I have a dsl line here, I have myself experienced
sitting in a hotel room trying to get my email over a long distance
telephone line, and totally being unable to download *any* of my mail
because someone sent a picture to a list I was on. It simply is a bad
idea. That's what websites are for.

Scott Willing wrote:

> Steve,
>
> List members who posted the pictures took care to make them
> relatively small and invited comment specifically as to whether the
> size was a problem. They are clearly sensitive to the bandwidth
> issue.
>
> My connection is very slow by North American standards (28.8k at
> best) and the pictures weren't a problem for me. But I know what it
> is like when someone casually attaches a Word document of 500kB
> or more (!!) without a second thought.
>
> Sorry to hear that the pictures were a stress for you to receive. I'm
> afraid the only reasonable solution is to post pictures on a website
> somewhere and provide links, so that viewing is optional.
>
> -Scott Willing
>
>
> Date sent: Fri, 22 Feb 2002 09:18:58 +1100
> To: stoves@crest.org
> From: "ATprojects Inc." <atprojects@global.net.pg>
> Subject: Pictures !!
>
>
>>I live and work in Papua New Guinea where telephone connections are bad and
>>speeds are slow, over the past few weeks members have been posting pictures
>>as well as text .... maybe in the developed world this is useful but here
>>in PNG it takes "hours" to down load these pictures !!
>>
>>May be we could have a system where members could request pictures?
>>
>>I do not want to leave the list as its useful to our work here, but the
>>current system is not working for us ..... what do other people in the
>>developing world think?
>>
>>Regards
>>
>>Steve Layton
>>
>
>
> -
> Stoves List Archives and Website:
> http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
> http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
> http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
>
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>
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>
> For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
> http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm
>
>

--
Harmon Seaver
CyberShamanix
http://www.cybershamanix.com

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Thu Feb 21 18:13:20 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Juntos Stove text message
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020221162210.01839d00@mail.ilstu.edu>

Juntos (Together) stove -- Part 2 (text
message) Written 21/Feb/2002.

It is called the Juntos (which in Portuguese and Spanish means Together)
Stove because different aspects came from different sources, and we bring
it together in this stove.

You should have received the previous message with the 6 pictures
included.

Mostly I am burning standard "pellet stove" pellets of
compressed sawdust. Great fuel. I have burned other biomass
with good success, including yard waste, and locust tree pods, and
briquettes mainly from paper pulp and sawdust/wood shavings.
The briquettes are intentionally broken into pieces (to gain surface
area) and do not last as long as the pellets. I am still working on
better briquette-type fuel for the gasifier.

As shown in picture 3 I have experimented with about 7 sizes and
variations of gasifiers. ALL of them do work. Problem of the
smallest (a typical soup can) is that a gust of wind can easily
extinguish the upper (secondary) burning. To avoid that, an
attached permanent chimney would be beneficial. That chimney
would also make the unit as tall as the others, so that it would nicely
fit into the same vertical space in the lower chamber of the stove.

Term: A "stove" can have burners (plural and of
various types), chimney, chambers (to place the burners) and assorted
ways to transfer the heat to the cooking pot or cooking
device. Some have very few, some have a lot of pieces.
The word "stove" is generic and is NOT descriptive of all the
different ways people think of stoves.

Natural convection gasifiers of the IDD (inverted downdraft -
Reed-Larson) type do work VERY well. Basic construction is seen in
Pictures 4 and 5.

Materials:
1. Tin can that only had the top removed. Diameters and
heights give different characteristics of length of the burn, etc.
2. Air pipe made from a length of pipe about 20 cm (8 minches). I
use aluminum in part because I had pieces laying around. You do not
need thick stuff. One gasifier has a pipe cut from a leg of an old
folding lawn chair. One gasifier has a square-bottom “U” bracket
that was pounded together at the top to make a triangular pipe.
That one was too small, but triangular pipe might be very viable in some
situations, especially because the “Karla Key” (discussed below) makes a
nice triangular hole for inserting the triangular pipe.
3. Two screws (I use self-tapping metal screws) long enough to go
through the bottom of the tin can and into the pipe. I like at
least one of the screws to be long enough to go all the way through the
top-side do the pipe and actually screw into the metal grate.
4. Metal grate (see pictures to see a nice size of holes). I
went to the junkyard and ripped a perforated metal cover (about 80 by 80
cm = 32x32 minches) from something. It is soft steel and I can cut
it with decent tin-snips. I draw on it the diameter of the tin can
and then another circle (or odd shape) about 2.5 cm (one minch)
bigger. I cut the outer circle, and then cut in a radial way
inwards to the inner circle, creating tabs. Then I bend (by hand
with gloves and pliers) the "tabs" so that they help support
the grate horizontally when it is eventually pushed into the can until it
rests on the top of the air-pipe. Note: No tab on the part
that is to sit on the air pipe.
5. Outer jacket. Metal. From another can, or from sheet
metal or from stove-pipe or whatever. It must have about one cm
(0.2 minch) of space (let's call it a "gap for secondary air")
on all sides of the tin can. Too much space and too little space
are not good, but about a cm seems about right. (I do not
measure it; I do it by "eye-ball".) The outer
jacket must allow air to enter in from the bottom, and it is good (I
think, but have not tested) if the gap is not open at the top end.
More in the construction notes below.

Tools for the gasifier construction:
1. Hammer (or a nice rock that fits your hand well)
2. Tin snips
3. Screwdriver (or nut driver if you have hex heads on the
screws)
4. A "Karla Key" which is actually a can-opener of the
type that makes a triangular punched hole into a closed tin can.
(commonly known as a "church key" or a beer can opener before
the advent of tab-tops, etc.) Named after Mrs. Karla Weldon.
The real Karla Key has a screwdriver at the non-punch end, replacing the
need for item #3 above. Karla Keys should be made in different
sizes, especially for the "reach" of the triangular punch point
being increased to make holes further in, that is, not so near the edge
where the punch grips the side of the can.
5. One hack saw (the blade is the important part.)
6. Yes, a power drill.   I am sure it can be done without
the power, but I am trying to save time. I use it to drill 2 holes
in the bottom of the tin can and into the air pipe, so I can drive in the
screws more easily.   I can also use it to make holes in the
outer third of the air pipe (think of them like holes on a simple reed
flute.) Sizes not yet determined, but about 2 - 3 mm ( about 1/10
minch) in diameter.   Some of my air pipes do not have any of
these flute holes because I let the primary air enter the outside end of
the air pipe.
7. (An extra tool for other jobs is listed here, but actually I
made my own.) I made a nice hole- punch by doing a diagonal cut (by
hack saw) on the end of a piece of pipe maybe 15 to 20 cm long with about
the same diameter of most of my air pipes, about 2 - 3 cm of
diameter. Best if it is steel or iron, but seems to work with
aluminum too. Good to have a sharp-ish point. I use it by
hitting the other end with the hammer or rock. I might make several
of these with different diameters.

Assembly: (Seems to be different each time I make one, so this is
not Gospel).
A. Prepare the air pipe. I like a 45 degree or more shallow
angle on the inside end of the air pipe.   Outside “flute-type”
holes are optional, or can be added later.
B. Punch a hole (with Karla Key) into the side of the tin can near
the closed bottom. Avoid the area of the seam of the can. Or
you can use the home-made punch, or even use the air pipe
itself.   This should result with the air pipe very close to
the bottom of the inside of the can.
C. Push in the air pipe, trying to NOT make a big hole around
it. No space for air leaks is best, but really not too important if
the fire is to be on "high" with plenty of primary air.
Besides, some mud or furnace putty or other stuff (foil rap, etc.) will
effectively plug the hole if it is too big. Push the air pipe until
it is about half way across the bottom of the can. I like to have
the diagonal cut turned downwards because it could help spread out the
primary air. But that is not confirmed as being important.
D. Drill 2 holes appropriate for the 2 screws to grip the can
bottom and the air pipe. A long one only needs to start coming out
the top side of the air pipe.
E. Insert the grate, circular in format, supported by the tabs,
snuggly fitting, beat it into place to rest on the air pipe (No tab at
the air pipe, right !!)
F. Continue with the long screw(s) that self-tap into the holes of
the grate. Make it snug. Pick up the unit by the air pipe and
notice how much the air pipe is like a handle. (Do not smoke it,
but it sure looks like Popeye's pipe from the cartoons.)   Yes,
the air pipe IS the handle, but caution about it becoming hot at the late
stages of the gasification burn -- especially if it is aluminum.
G. Around the upper lip of the up-right can you are to make a ring
of holes for the secondary air to enter the can. Use the Karla
Key. Makes no difference if you punch inwards or outwards, but
outwards leaves no pointy things sticking inside. Be careful you do
not dimple the can too much. Yes, you can use a power drill.
My holes with the Karla Key are triangles about 5 mm on each
side.   Number and size of the holes is a topic for someone's
thesis. I just put in what I think seems reasonable, depending on
the size of the can.
H. The jacket and the resultant gap can be pretty or not, just so
it is functional. The easiest jacket is another can slightly bigger
in diameter. You can cut out both ends, but you could also leave
the jacket can with its bottom intact, but you will then need to put in
the air pipe after the 2 cans are together. You WANT air to get
into the gap at the bottom of the jacket, so leave notches as seen in
Picture 5. Or if you have a bottom on the outer jacket can, then
use the Karla Key to punch holes into the lower SIDE of the outer can, as
can be barely seen in the lower side of the 6th gasifier from the left in
Picture 3. I like this because the triangle pieces from the Karla
Key punches act as spacers to maintain the gap at the bottom of the
joined cans.
I. To finish, you need to do something about the upper end of the
gap. Picture 4 shows tabs bent over from the jacket to the inner
can. Sometimes I have plugged the gap with aluminum foil.
Some gasifiers (like the 4th one from left
in Picture 3) have a jacket of aluminum “dryer hose” or some such
name. Nice stuff for experimenting. I got it at the Menards
(Home Depot type store). It is rigidly stretchy (
) and then I bend in the top part to close off the gap. I bought 3
diameters, so I will someday make a 10 minch (25 cm) diameter gasifier
with whatever height I want. (Oh, I forgot to tell you that I
probably made another 5 or 8 gasifiers that either did not survive to be
photographed or were too ugly to be recognized as a gasifier.)

Hey, the gasifier is finished. Total costs are very low, but the
life span is not what I was after in the experiments. Do some good
design work and use quality new materials and you could make some really
expensive gasifiers. Below I discuss how this thing works, which is
what is important to me.

Operations.
See Picture 1. The spacing of the racks is made to match the
heights of the components. What is shown is set for the larger
gasifiers like a #10 tin or a paint can. When in use, because of
the rack, there is about a 5 to 8 mm space between the top of the
gasifier and the bottom of the next unit above it. That does not
seem to be a problem, and might even be mandatory to ensure sufficient
air entering the bottom of the intermediate level units.

In previous messages I described how I light it very easily (sawdust and
wood shavings mixed with torch fuel (like kerosene?). One
match almost always does it.

A very important element is the chimney effect. I get that by
placing a cylinder (can with no ends) over the functioning
gasifier. This can be in the stove, or away from the stove where
you can use a taller chimney. When in the stoves with its racks at
fixed heights, if I want more chimney, I put another can on the next
higher rack, like the smaller diameter can seen in Picture 1 behind the
flame.

The chimney can in Picture 2 is special because it has in inner taper to
funnel upwards the flames to a smaller hole than at the bottom.
Picture 2 shows that I could benefit by an even wider diameter chimney at
the lower end. Picture 1 is NOT just a “best shot”
picture. The flames stayed like that while I fiddled with the
camera. Without a chimney, the flames will flicker as is seen in
Picture 6.

Cooking: With Noeli, Sarah and Ed, I have now cooked a macaroni
meal, boiled water, cooked hot dogs in water, made porridge, and fried an
egg. I know that I could have multiple gasifiers working at the
lower level, and have plenty of heat above. Additional
variables to be considered include:
A. Diameter of the gasifier
B. Height of the gasifier
C. Amount of fuel
D. Type of fuel
E. Control of primary and secondary air.

But there is more to it than that.

Please remember that this is the JUNTOS STOVE. It is TOGETHER, and
thus far it I have focused on the Reed-Larson gasifier with the Anderson
air pipe (Paul’s pipe) and the Karla Key and some burning of
briquettes. There are more contributions included:

Think of the Juntos stove (as shown in the pictures, and as it might
become eventually) as a multi-layered stove. Three layers are shown
in Picture 1: Gasifier at the bottom, then the middle layer (with
the chimney in place), and then the top layer (for the pot or for more
chimney or for whatever). It is the WHATEVER that is
important. Here is my list of units that can be in the middle or
top layers, sometimes functioning WITHOUT a gasifier below them:

1. Chimney unit
2. Intermediate flame unit (IFU) (to be discussed)
a. Open side, ala
Rocket Stove,
b. Closed
sides
3. Char-burning unit
4. Cook-pot unit (directly above the gasifier)
5. Insert a gasifier WITHOUT as gasifier below, OR with a
gasifier below that has its heat ducted to not come under the gasifier in
the middle level, that is, with a unique small chimney.
6. Fuel-drying unit (does not burn the future-fuel), could be on a
4th or 5th
level of the racks of the stove.
7. Weldon Window (to be discussed)
8. Water heater
9. Oven, griddle, plancha, other ways that people like to cook, all
treated separately from the issues of the fuels and the ways that they
are burned.

Results of experiments:

A. Intermediate flame units (IFU): In its simplest
form, an intermediate flame unit (IFU) is a can that holds fuels and sits
on a layer (or two) above a gasifier. Therefore, it has some
openings in the bottom. My nicest one had holes simply punched with
the previously described home-made punch from a piece of
pipe. The punch leaves a pointed tab facing inward into the
IFU can, thereby available to support the fuel and thus helping the flow
of air into the can under the fuel. The holes in the bottom allow
the heat and air and other stuff from the gasifier to enter into the
bottom of the intermediate flame unit. This helps light the fuels
quickly (therefore with less smoke from the IFU). “Regular”
combustion occurs in the IFU, and the fuel goes from fuel to ash, with no
saving of char, etc.

If the IFU has an LLL (Low Lateral Loading) side opening into which fuel
is pushed, it is quite similar to a Rocket Stove. It will
roar with flames. Thank you Larry and Dean and Aprovecho for this
nice aspect of stoves.

If the IFU does not have an LLL opening, it can only be fueled from the
top. Here is where you place a nice briquette inside. Be sure
it stands up vertically and can get air from below to its center
hole. Within a very short time being placed over a functioning
gasifier, this briquette has a beautiful flame coming up that center
hole, and can also get nice burning on the outside of the
briquette. Thank you Richard Stanley and Legacy Foundation for
being champions for the briquettes with holes. When the briquette
is dying down, grab the intermediate flame unit (IFU) by its handle or
with tongs or with good gloves. Pull it off of the rack, drop in
another briquette and place it back into burning position above the
gasifier. How about 10 seconds to reload the briquette
burner? Maybe less time. Certainly not very disruptive to the
cooking process.

Better IFUs could have some air controls at the bottom or lower
sides. Also, when the IFU is burning, the cook can remove the
gasifier (while the IFU continue the cooking), can empty the char from
the gasifier, re-load the gasifier, re-light it easily (draft will be
strong above the gasifier), and continue. Or, simply put an
empty can under the IFU to catch the ash that will fall down.

The name of the game is CONTROL of the amount of heat needed by the
cook. Not as simple as a thermostat controlled burner on a
modern fancy stove. But much much more control than what cooks in
developing countries have had in the past. And it is with
biomass fuel.

B. The Weldon Window. Bob Weldon is a very good friend
of mine. When he came to see my early efforts to place a Rocket
stove on top of a gasifier, he simply said. “When the fire in the
Rocket Stove dies down, you can put a pot into the hole and cook with the
heat from the gasifier.” Well, my hole for sticks was rather
small (as appropriate for a Rocket Stove), so I enlarged it and started
putting pot-type stuff in it. Well, the opening needs to be pretty
big, so the Weldon Window is actually like putting a pot into the
chimney. You can close the window, or you can let the pot block the
window hole, or do not even worry about blocking the window. And,
because the Weldon Window is actually part of one to the types of units
to slide onto and off of the racks in the intermediate level or even on
the top level, it can be easily removed from the vertical column of fire
and heat, checked for what is cooking, stirred, seasoned, returned to the
fire, etc. Thank you Bob Weldon for a nice addition to the Juntos
Stove project.

C. Interchangeable parts: With the above units, we can have
fires ranging from major heat (as with a gasifier on full, with one or
even two IFU stacked on top of it) down to simmering with low heat from
charcoal (produced in the gasifier from biomass) or with low primary air
to the gasifier, or on small diameter units, or on larger units with
variations of types of fuels for high or low heat. A functioning
gasifier under a blazing intermediate fuel unit (IFU) can be removed and
placed under a different pot that needs only low heat.

Also, when the gasification stops (and only charcoal remains), the
gasifier unit that has the following characteristics:
The air pipe becomes hot all the way to the outer end because the
charcoal is sitting on the grate that is touching the air pipe. But
it does not smoke when it stops gasifying because the fumes go up into
the IFU above it. The gasifier can be easily removed, and the hot
charcoal can either be used in a charcoal burner or be placed in an
air-tight container (a paint bucket works beautifully, thanks Dan
Dimiduk) to be totally extinguished in a few minutes, but dry and ready
to be burned later.

We need to see the Juntos Stove as being highly flexible. We are
really dealing with “combustion units”, that is, how to get the heat when
and where we want it. The highly related issues of fuel types and
cooking preferences are important, but that is where localized variations
are allowed, tolerated, encouraged and essential.

Note: Let’s be serious. ALL of our innovations are not so
100% new. Gasification, briquette, stick in wood from the side of a
fire, stacking on of chimney segments, have an air pipe, open a window to
put a pot into the chimney, etc, etc were not first invented by anyone
alive today. Ancient people probably did such things in many
different places at many different times and may or may not have even
understood what they did. We are today dealing with some
refinements (maybe), but especially we have better understanding of the
processes and the objectives and how to accomplish the goals.
And there are still numerous additions to bring TOGETHER in the Juntos
Stove. We all await the contribution of others. And I can
hardly wait to hear how Crispin and the REAP people and Larry and other
“engineer-type” people can take “tincanium” stoves to better
levels. Also, EVERYTHING needs testing at the same time that we are
taking the stoves to the people who need them NOW.

*****
So, some of you wanted to know about the Juntos Stove. Some said
they will do some testing of it. Sorry, none of my tin cans are
currently for sale.

But why would you want a gasifier or a total Juntos Stove from me?
You can certainly make your own and replicate all that I have
experienced. Please make it and please test it and please tell us
about your experiences. I will try to be helpful. But on 5 to
30 March I will be in Africa and e-mail messages are more difficult to
make and send from there. I can read them but not answer
easily.

Good luck.

It is fun doing stoves work Juntos (Together) with you.

Paul

Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 -
7/00
Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of
2001-2003
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State
University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice:
309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items:
www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

From psanders at ilstu.edu Thu Feb 21 18:42:21 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Pictures !!
In-Reply-To: <l03130305b89b20ee67df@[202.1.52.199]>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020221224606.01813440@mail.ilstu.edu>

Stovers,

I hope that my inclusion of six small pictures into an e-mail message (not
as an attachment) is not causing problems for others. I request that
Steve and others specifically reply about how well or how poorly the
message with INCLOSED images was received.

Sorry if I have been part of the problem.

Paul

At 09:18 AM 2/22/02 +1100, ATprojects Inc. wrote:
>I live and work in Papua New Guinea where telephone connections are bad and
>speeds are slow, over the past few weeks members have been posting pictures
>as well as text ....

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From hseaver at cybershamanix.com Thu Feb 21 19:26:03 2002
From: hseaver at cybershamanix.com (Harmon Seaver)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Pictures !!
In-Reply-To: <l03130305b89b20ee67df@[202.1.52.199]>
Message-ID: <20020222052558.GA29079@cybershamanix.com>

Paul,
I guess you're not understanding how that works -- it's the same thing, it was a very large
(480kb) message. Perhaps if you had sent one at a time, it would have helped, but I quite well recall having a
email account with a 500k limit, so that one message (or the six pix one at a time within a short time) would
have jammed the account, requiring me to call the admin to fix it. Or as I said before, try getting something
like that over a bad connection, or just a long distance connection when you're traveling, I've had a number of
times in the past when I've had to call the ISP to have them delete a large email in my account which kept
killing my download, totally blocking me from getting all the rest of my email. Very frustrating!
The bottom line is that pictures belong on websites, not in email, at least to not to lists.

On Thu, Feb 21, 2002 at 10:50:25PM -0600, Paul S. Anderson wrote:
> Stovers,
>
> I hope that my inclusion of six small pictures into an e-mail message (not
> as an attachment) is not causing problems for others. I request that
> Steve and others specifically reply about how well or how poorly the
> message with INCLOSED images was received.
>
> Sorry if I have been part of the problem.
>
> Paul
>
> At 09:18 AM 2/22/02 +1100, ATprojects Inc. wrote:
> >I live and work in Papua New Guinea where telephone connections are bad and
> >speeds are slow, over the past few weeks members have been posting pictures
> >as well as text ....
>
> Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
> Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of 2001-2003
> Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
> Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
> E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders
>
>
> -
> Stoves List Archives and Website:
> http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
> http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
> http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
>
> Stoves List Moderators:
> Ron Larson, ronallarson@qwest.net
> Alex English, english@adan.kingston.net
> Elsen L. Karstad, elk@wananchi.com www.chardust.com
>
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>
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> -
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> http://www.bioenergy2002.org
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> http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
> http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon
>
> For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
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--
Harmon Seaver
CyberShamanix
http://www.cybershamanix.com

Stoves List Moderators:
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http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon

For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
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From willing at mb.sympatico.ca Thu Feb 21 21:07:52 2002
From: willing at mb.sympatico.ca (Scott Willing)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Pictures !!
In-Reply-To: <3C75BB43.3040605@cybershamanix.com>
Message-ID: <3C759AFD.8119.DDDDB1@localhost>

Harmon,

I hadn't even noticed the message that actually inspired the protest,
since it just happened to show up in my mailbox along with a bunch
of other fairly large messages. Yeowch, no wonder there was a
complaint.

I don't know where the fable about there being any difference
between attaching and enclosing arose from... maybe just the vague
idea that "attachments are bad". As you pointed out, it's the same
data going down the same pipe.

To make matters worse, binary files -- basically anything but plain
ASCII text, including images -- actually *increase* in size when sent
as email. (If anyone really needs to know why, email me off-list. I
won't take up further bandwidth with the details.)

For a concrete example, those particular pictures total around
380kB sitting on a disk, but they get puffed up to around 480kB in
order to be transmitted as email.

We live and learn. I wasn't born knowing this stuff either. And when I
was figuring it all out, a 1200 baud modem was considered pretty
snappy hardware. :-)

-smw

Date sent: Thu, 21 Feb 2002 21:30:11 -0600
From: Harmon Seaver <hseaver@cybershamanix.com>
To: willing@mb.sympatico.ca
Copies to: stoves@crest.org
Subject: Re: Pictures !!

> Yes, but that was last one was actually 480KB. Or so says my
> browser. And I think there have been numerous requests on both stoves
> and gas-l to have the list owner simply block all attachments. It would
> be a very simple thing to do, and likewise a very simple thing to create
> a place on the website to send the pictures to instead. Frankly, I have
> a hard time understanding why, especially given the international often
> 3rd world nature of this list, attachments are allowed at all.
> And although I have a dsl line here, I have myself experienced
> sitting in a hotel room trying to get my email over a long distance
> telephone line, and totally being unable to download *any* of my mail
> because someone sent a picture to a list I was on. It simply is a bad
> idea. That's what websites are for.
>
>
> Scott Willing wrote:
>
> > Steve,
> >
> > List members who posted the pictures took care to make them
> > relatively small and invited comment specifically as to whether the
> > size was a problem. They are clearly sensitive to the bandwidth
> > issue.
> >
> > My connection is very slow by North American standards (28.8k at
> > best) and the pictures weren't a problem for me. But I know what it
> > is like when someone casually attaches a Word document of 500kB
> > or more (!!) without a second thought.
> >
> > Sorry to hear that the pictures were a stress for you to receive. I'm
> > afraid the only reasonable solution is to post pictures on a website
> > somewhere and provide links, so that viewing is optional.
> >
> > -Scott Willing
> >
> >
> > Date sent: Fri, 22 Feb 2002 09:18:58 +1100
> > To: stoves@crest.org
> > From: "ATprojects Inc." <atprojects@global.net.pg>
> > Subject: Pictures !!
> >
> >
> >>I live and work in Papua New Guinea where telephone connections are bad and
> >>speeds are slow, over the past few weeks members have been posting pictures
> >>as well as text .... maybe in the developed world this is useful but here
> >>in PNG it takes "hours" to down load these pictures !!
> >>
> >>May be we could have a system where members could request pictures?
> >>
> >>I do not want to leave the list as its useful to our work here, but the
> >>current system is not working for us ..... what do other people in the
> >>developing world think?
> >>
> >>Regards
> >>
> >>Steve Layton
> >>
> >
> >
> > -
> > Stoves List Archives and Website:
> > http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
> > http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
> > http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
> >
> > Stoves List Moderators:
> > Ron Larson, ronallarson@qwest.net
> > Alex English, english@adan.kingston.net
> > Elsen L. Karstad, elk@wananchi.com www.chardust.com
> >
> > List-Post: <mailto:stoves@crest.org>
> > List-Help: <mailto:stoves-help@crest.org>
> > List-Unsubscribe: <mailto:stoves-unsubscribe@crest.org>
> > List-Subscribe: <mailto:stoves-subscribe@crest.org>
> >
> > Sponsor the Stoves List: http://www.crest.org/discuss3.html
> > -
> > Other Biomass Stoves Events and Information:
> > http://www.bioenergy2002.org
> > http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1010424940_7.html Bioenergy
> > http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
> > http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon
> >
> > For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
> > http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm
> >
> >
>
>
> --
> Harmon Seaver
> CyberShamanix
> http://www.cybershamanix.com
>

Stoves List Moderators:
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From psanders at ilstu.edu Fri Feb 22 04:29:46 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Mea culpa!! So sorry!!
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020222082751.01815690@mail.ilstu.edu>

So it was my message that got too big with pictures.

I am sooooooo sorry !!!!!! I will not do it again.

I have the "speed of download" problem every time I go to Mozambique. My
family even had a name for those big messages: "friend losers" (Now I
am the guilty one. But please remain my friend.)

I just hope that the Junto stove is not forgotten because of the discussion
of picture size.

Paul the Repentant
Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of 2001-2003
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

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From ronallarson at qwest.net Fri Feb 22 04:37:17 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Juntos Stove text message
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020221162210.01839d00@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <005f01c1bbae$eb104460$ebe1e53f@computer>

Paul:

Nice write-up. I need more
time to digest it all and better understand the new options you are
suggesting.
I like the "shelf" arrangements
- haven't seen anything like that before.
You may have the achieved the
widest range of "turn-down" ratios (different fuel weight conversion (or kW)
rates) - can you quantify what you are able to achieve in min and max
kW?)
I am interested also in how you
are controlling primary air flow with the horizontal pipes. Their
length looks longer than I might have expected - your reason?
More later - but thanks for
giving such nice detail.

Ron
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px">
----- Original Message -----
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black">From:
Paul S.
Anderson
To: <A
href="mailto:bobkarlaweldon@cs.com" title=bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>Bob and Karla
Weldon ; <A href="mailto:carolt@bloomingtonlibrary.org"
title=carolt@bloomingtonlibrary.org>Carol Torrens ; <A
href="mailto:wolfland@gridley.org" title=wolfland@gridley.org>George Wolf
; Jared
Kosoglad ; <A href="mailto:ajmalawene01@hotmail.com"
title=ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>Apolinário J Malawene ; <A
href="mailto:bobkarlaweldon@cs.com" title=bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>Bob and Karla
Weldon ; Ed
Francis ; <A href="mailto:ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz"
title=ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz>Tsamba--Alberto Julio ; <A
href="mailto:astrozen2000@hotmail.com" title=astrozen2000@hotmail.com>Lily
Coyle ; <A href="mailto:stoves@crest.org"
title=stoves@crest.org>stoves@crest.org ; <A
href="mailto:margaret@newdawn.sz"
title=margaret@newdawn.sz>margaret@newdawn.sz ; <A
href="mailto:sandyba@net66.com" title=sandyba@net66.com>Sandra
Broadrick-Allen
Sent: Thursday, February 21, 2002 9:20
PM
Subject: Juntos Stove text message
Juntos (Together) stove -- Part 2 (text
message) Written
21/Feb/2002.

From ronallarson at qwest.net Fri Feb 22 04:50:59 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: The Mayon Turbo Stove
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020219185036.01816a50@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <011d01c1bbb0$d4cc94e0$ebe1e53f@computer>

Roger (cc stoves)

Thanks for your very complete response. I continue to be impressed by
what you have done. I downloaded the report to NREL - but have not had
time to read it yet - but it is much larger and covers more topics than I
had projected. Thanks to list member Ralph Overend for being part of this.

The main question I want to get in the mix is whether you have made any
attempt to control the primary air traveling through the rice hulls/sawdust?
I am thinking of a thin metal partial cone that could be moved vertically
(or two halves that could be moved horizontally) that might allow some
turn-down. More later.

Ron

----- Original Message -----
From: <RSamson@reap-canada.com>
To: Ron Larson <ronallarson@qwest.net>
Cc: Paul S. Anderson <psanders@ilstu.edu>; <stoves@crest.org>;
<p_dg@lasaltech.com>; <masvis@pinoymail.com>; Apolinário J Malawene
<ajmalawene01@hotmail.com>; Bob and Karla Weldon <bobkarlaweldon@cs.com>; Ed
Francis <cfranc@ilstu.edu>; Tsamba--Alberto Julio <ajtsamba@zebra.uem.mz>;
Lily Coyle <astrozen2000@hotmail.com>
Sent: Wednesday, February 20, 2002 11:41 AM
Subject: Re: The Mayon Turbo Stove

>
>
> Thanks for the feedback on the stove from Paul, Elk, and Ron.
>

<snip>

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From hseaver at cybershamanix.com Fri Feb 22 05:23:21 2002
From: hseaver at cybershamanix.com (Harmon Seaver)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Pictures !!
In-Reply-To: <3C759AFD.8119.DDDDB1@localhost>
Message-ID: <3C766283.6040809@cybershamanix.com>

Scott Willing wrote:

> Harmon,
>
> I hadn't even noticed the message that actually inspired the protest,
> since it just happened to show up in my mailbox along with a bunch
> of other fairly large messages. Yeowch, no wonder there was a
> complaint.
>
> I don't know where the fable about there being any difference
> between attaching and enclosing arose from... maybe just the vague
> idea that "attachments are bad". As you pointed out, it's the same
> data going down the same pipe.
>

Right -- both the mail readers I use called them attachments.
Heck, even heavily html'isized email is an "attachment".

> To make matters worse, binary files -- basically anything but plain
> ASCII text, including images -- actually *increase* in size when sent
> as email. (If anyone really needs to know why, email me off-list. I
> won't take up further bandwidth with the details.)

Yes, if you look at the size of email you get, most will be 1K-3K,
but just looking at my inbox, I see messages of 9K, 11K, and 13K -- no
pictures, just html email. A bit absurd, really -- whats the point? The
words are the same either way, but those html emails are often
unreadable in the text mail reader I often use. And now we have html
spam -- gag! Just another reason to use a text mail reader so you can
delete the html stuff more rapidly.

>
> For a concrete example, those particular pictures total around
> 380kB sitting on a disk, but they get puffed up to around 480kB in
> order to be transmitted as email.
>
> We live and learn. I wasn't born knowing this stuff either. And when I
> was figuring it all out, a 1200 baud modem was considered pretty
> snappy hardware. :-)

One of the problems with bad phone lines is that even a 56K modem
turns into a 9600 or even 4400 on a long distance call, almost always.
And I lived fairly recently in Mobile, AL, quite a large city, where
even after repeated complaints to the phone company, the best I *ever*
got with a 56K was 24K, and often I would have to redial the ISP several
times to get more than 14400 or 19200. Trying to get email over a
cellphone modem suffers likewise -- 4400 is about average.
So have pity on those you're trying to communicate with, folks.
After all, you are trying to *communicate*, right? Not antagonize or
annoy the recipient with your fancy fonts and over large (or teeny-tiny)
typefaces.
This was made very clear to me some time ago when a prospective
employer told me they couldn't read my email -- not good!

--
Harmon Seaver
CyberShamanix
http://www.cybershamanix.com

Stoves List Moderators:
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From psanders at ilstu.edu Fri Feb 22 07:10:17 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Juntos Stove text message
In-Reply-To: <4.3.1.2.20020221162210.01839d00@mail.ilstu.edu>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020222101349.01825c40@mail.ilstu.edu>

At 07:40 AM 2/22/02 -0700, Ron Larson wrote:
Paul:

Nice write-up. I need
more time to digest it all and better understand the new options you are
suggesting.
I like the "shelf"
arrangements - haven't seen anything like that
before.
Nor have I. All the heat seems to go so straight up through the
levels that there is very little lateral loss of heat where there are
spaces at the racks. (I have started to call this a "heat
column".) And with some real manufacturing (not just tin cans
in a shed), it would be possible to have the units slide in to more snug
fittings, perhaps with half-circle collars to minimize lateral loss or
impact of wind.

You may have the achieved the widest range of "turn-down"
ratios (different fuel weight conversion (or kW) rates) - can you
quantify what you are able to achieve in min and max
kW?)
I honestly do not have any clue about KW output.   But as some
(I think it was Dean) have said, the fuel gives about the same heat
whether burned fast or slow.   The real issue is how much of it
can be effectively captured for useful purposes. Therefore, another
one of the intermediate or upper units could be the "haybox"
(not made of hay or other combustible material) with an open or partially
open bottom to let in additional but VERY low heat. The haybox
could be opened occasionally for stirring or checking by the cook.
It could even be removed from the "heat column" (I just made up
that term, but it seems to represent what the Juntos stove is all
about). Then the cook would close the haybox and have the option
to introduce additional heat from the bottom from a low-burning
gasifier or from some embers of charcoal in another heat column of the
stove complex.

I
am interested also in how you are controlling primary air flow with the
horizontal pipes. Their length looks longer than I might have
expected - your reason?
Air pipes. The ones shown are horizontal, but they could be angled
or even vertical or coiled around the gasifier. The air pipe serves
as a handle. The length of the air pipe allows the gasifier to be
pushed further back into the stove chambers, even so far back that
another gasifier could be place on the outer edge of the chamber. I
envision chambers with about 4 gasifiers of different sizes able to be
turned on or off or moved into any of several places to initiate heat
columns.

Consider that the air pipe is well sealed where it enters the inner can
(or more appropriately called the "inner chamber for primary
combustion" or the "gasification cavity"). If the
air pipe is completely closed (I use sticky-back aluminum foil
tape), there is no primary air from below the grate/fuel. But on
the air pipe there are various holes, including the outside end of the
pipe that could be completely open to allow plenty of air to enter.
Regulate the number and size of the holes allowed to be open, and you
have control of the primary air. The control (increase or decrease
of heat) is not instantaneous (allow 20 to 60 seconds for internal
adjustment??), but neither is it instantaneous control on a electric
stove or hot-plate, but is virtually instantaneous on a LPG or gas
stove.

Furthermore, the conveniently long air pipe allows me to stick the
out-put end of a small bellows into the pipe and to pump in short blasts
of extra air. I have also done that by blowing with my mouth at the
air pipe ("But I never inhaled." WJ Clinton said that before I
did.). By far the best idea on this "supplemental
air" is to have a flexible hose from the air pipe to a place where a
cook could easily grasp the other end of the hose and give a few puffs of
air. Also, the hose could be connected to a bellows or a blower for
continual injection of more air. Proof that the effort is worth it
comes from Tom Reed's Turbo WoodGas stove with a battery operated blower.
(additional comment below).

Supplemental air will gasify the fuel faster, but also, after
gasification is complete, will turn the charcoal remains into blazing
embers!!!!   You can consume the charcoal in the lower unit,
but here is the problem: the blazing charcoal is like a
forge. It is VERY hot, and can seriously damage the gasifier.
Not only will burning the charcoal in the gasifier hasten the destruction
of the tin can and the grate, but when I did it with an aluminum air
pipe, just one event (a couple of minutes) literally consumed (melted,
vaporized, etc) the inside end of the aluminum air pipe. Not
cool. The solution is to make a cast-iron grate and internal walls
(much like Crispin's "basket grate" but without holes, so it
would be a "bucket grate") and have an iron air
pipe.   But that dramatically changes the cost structure,
becoming much more expensive (?) only because of a desire to consume the
charcoal "in situ" after gasification of the
biomass.   It is MUCH easier to simple remove the tincanium
gasifer, dump the char into your preferred container, reload the
gasifier, re-light it, and place it back into the base of the heat
column.

It is really easy to make a Juntos stove. I plan on taking all the
necessary tools to southern Africa with me in March so that I can try to
make some stoves there.

I sure hope that some readers of the Stoves list will say that they will
try to make a Juntos Stove based on the descriptions I have
given. Then I would really be doing something Together
(Juntos) with my fellow stovers.

Paul

More later - but thanks for giving such nice detail.

Ron
Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 -
7/00
Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of
2001-2003
Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State
University
Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice:
309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items:
www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

From rmiranda at sdnnic.org.ni Fri Feb 22 08:24:31 2002
From: rmiranda at sdnnic.org.ni (Rogerio Miranda)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Pictures !!
In-Reply-To: <l03130305b89b20ee67df@[202.1.52.199]>
Message-ID: <3.0.5.32.20020222090935.00f25100@205.218.248.130>

Yes, I agree, Pictures and long text files (unfortunately) should be send
if requested, or send to a web page. I also have experienced long download,
frustating.

rogerio

At 09:18 a.m. 22/02/02 +1100, ATprojects Inc. wrote:
>I live and work in Papua New Guinea where telephone connections are bad and
>speeds are slow, over the past few weeks members have been posting pictures
>as well as text .... maybe in the developed world this is useful but here
>in PNG it takes "hours" to down load these pictures !!
>
>May be we could have a system where members could request pictures?
>
>I do not want to leave the list as its useful to our work here, but the
>current system is not working for us ..... what do other people in the
>developing world think?
>
>Regards
>
>Steve Layton
>
>
>The information contained in this email message is intended only for the
>addressee. If you are not the intended recipient you must not use,
>disclose, copy or distribute this message or the information in it. If you
>have received this message in error, please email the sender immediately."
>---------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
>ATprojects is based in Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province. We work with
>both district and provincial governments, churches, rural communities and
>other NGOs in the Eastern Highlands Province. Our aim is to enable rural
>people to use appropriate technologies which give them more control over
>their lives and which contribute to the sustainable development of their
>communities.
>
>For more information on our work go to http://www.global.net.pg/atprojects
>
>This email may be confidential and/or privileged. Only the intended
>recipient may access or use it. We use virus scanning software but exclude
>all liability for viruses or similar in any attachment.
>---------------------------------------------------------------------------
----"
>
>
>
>-
>Stoves List Archives and Website:
>http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
>http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
>http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
>
>Stoves List Moderators:
>Ron Larson, ronallarson@qwest.net
>Alex English, english@adan.kingston.net
>Elsen L. Karstad, elk@wananchi.com www.chardust.com
>
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>List-Subscribe: <mailto:stoves-subscribe@crest.org>
>
>Sponsor the Stoves List: http://www.crest.org/discuss3.html
>-
>Other Biomass Stoves Events and Information:
>http://www.bioenergy2002.org
>http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1010424940_7.html Bioenergy
>http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
>http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon
>
>For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
>http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Chamber.htm
>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Rogério Carneiro de Miranda
Director, Ecofogones y Reposición Forestal
PROLEÑA/Nicaragua
Apartado Postal C-321
Managua, Nicaragua
TELEFAX (505) 249 0116
EMAIL: rmiranda@sdnnic.org.ni
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

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From RSamson at reap-canada.com Fri Feb 22 10:51:45 2002
From: RSamson at reap-canada.com (RSamson@reap-canada.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: The Mayon Turbo Stove
Message-ID: <3C76AFD9.D602265B@reap-canada.com>

Hi Ron

Your suggestion to have some ability to manipulate the air is a good one
and may be important for optimizing use of alternative fuels and/or
developing the stove's market potential. Our goal has been to try and
make a stove that best meets the overall needs of the local people we
are trying to assist, not one that is necessarily technologically the
most advanced.

Because of the high incidence of poverty in our area, our approach has
been to work with our local shop teams to create a design that is as
uncomplicated and inexpensive as possible (yet provides adequate
convenience and economy) by emphasizing "Sophistication in
Simplicity"....so the less the operator needs to adjust anything and the
less material and gadgets to buy, break or lose that are in the design
the more we like it! We have optimized the Mayon Turbo stoves air for
use with rice hull and done limited assessment of alternative fuels with
the new stove design, this needs further work.

The biggest barrier to our program now is that our stove is still too
expensive for many impoverished rural Filipino's to buy in the Western
Visaya's. We are now working to make it smaller and cheaper to make it
more accessible. It is already considered a technological leap forward
by the peasants we are working to assist.

It may be that some people would appreciate a better air control for
manipulating the combustion quality and/or heat output when burning
certain fuels or cooking certain foods. One possibility for controlling
air in addition to your suggestions, would be to put metal sliders
underneath the ash pan to control the size of the opening to the 1"
diameter air pipes.

Thanks again for your encouraging words and ideas. I hope you can
successfully adapt or improve the stove so that it can meet the needs of
your local market.

Best regards

Roger

Ron wrote:

Thanks for your very complete response. I continue to be impressed
by
what you have done. I downloaded the report to NREL - but have not had

time to read it yet - but it is much larger and covers more topics than
I
had projected. Thanks to list member Ralph Overend for being part of
this.

The main question I want to get in the mix is whether you have made
any
attempt to control the primary air traveling through the rice
hulls/sawdust?
I am thinking of a thin metal partial cone that could be moved
vertically
(or two halves that could be moved horizontally) that might allow some
turn-down. More later.

Ron

Stoves List Moderators:
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Alex English, english@adan.kingston.net
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http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975339_7.html Gasification
http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/1011975672_7.html Carbon

For information about CHAMBERS STOVES
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From atprojects at global.net.pg Fri Feb 22 12:10:33 2002
From: atprojects at global.net.pg (ATprojects Inc.)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: ATprojects - The list
Message-ID: <l03130300b89c5e8680de@[202.1.52.240]>

My e-mail was not meant as a protest, but a call for some rules to be set
for the list.

Why rules? .... well a lot of the work being done hopefully will benefit
people like ATprojects clients in the developing world and communications
is a big part of this work. But if you really what to communicate to people
like myself who lives in a developing country the list needs to understand
our communication limitations. Otherwise you will lose us from the list.

I also hope that the Junto stove will not be forgotten because of the
discussion of picture size, but if possible end users unsubscribe because
of these picture are we losing the point of the list!

Why not have two simple rules .....

1. Pictures go to the web site, and member can down load them if they want to.

2. Do not use the reply option (send you message, not other peoples again
and again ........)

Sorry about highlighting this problem, but here in PNG information is
important.

Steve Layton

For more information on our work go to http://www.global.net.pg/atprojects

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From ronallarson at qwest.net Sat Feb 23 05:10:05 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: The Mayon Turbo Stove
In-Reply-To: <3C76AFD9.D602265B@reap-canada.com>
Message-ID: <007c01c1bc7c$ac8d6a00$52e0e53f@computer>

Roger:

I agree with your responses on air control - but think that users might
find enough extra value in primary air control that it was a desirable
"add-on extra". All a question of the benefit cost ratio. In our work on
pyrolysis, top-lit, charcoal-making stoves, I find it extremely valuable.

You also said yesterday:

<snip>
>
> The biggest barrier to our program now is that our stove is still too
> expensive for many impoverished rural Filipino's to buy in the Western
> Visaya's. We are now working to make it smaller and cheaper to make it
> more accessible. It is already considered a technological leap forward
> by the peasants we are working to assist.
>

I wonder if you have tried this design using several pottery pieces? A
refractory and insulator - and potentially quite cheap (but breakable).
Your pot holder - stand design is probably going to have to remain steel.

Ron

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From Carefreeland at aol.com Sat Feb 23 05:59:50 2002
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Juntos Stove text message
Message-ID: <e6.23975ad1.29a91682@aol.com>

Paul and stovers,
This is some beautiful work here which we all can learn from.
(provided we can open the pictures without the unfortunate difficulties some
face) The concept of an experimental, modular set up, is a good way to test
combinations of concepts. I have used this test method for years, and find
that the simpler, more practical concepts just seem to precipitate from the
mish mash.
If we chart the performance of all of these combinations, the chart
would show sweetspots at the best combinations. Then we just fine tune it
again with more precise tweaking of the specifications. Artists for years
have done this instinctively with repetition of experiments. This is how man
has developed pottery, metalworking, painting, and all of the other less
scientifically defined arts.
NEW CONCEPT
I like the concept of the side loading cartridge. Can this concept be
applied to the elusive continually operating gasifier? What if the gasifier
were made of heat retaining material, such as insulated cast iron, or dense
firebrick containing ceramic?
We could have two cartridges so one was ready and preloaded to put
into the gasifing chamber when one was removed. A small afterburner of
burning woodchips could relight the gas as soon as it started to form from
the heat.
That type of creative approach would never happen if Paul hadn't been
piddling with a seemingly useless concept of a fire over a fire. The lesson
here is that there is NO worthless experiment. History shows that the
greatest discoveries are often made while looking for something else.
I have played with the same concept refiring my King-O-Heat
potbellied stove. I put tight twisted newspaper in the bottom ash pit which
regasifies on the dwindling coals and then ignites the gas on the last
burning embers above on the grate. This burning gas then in turn fires up the
often damp wood later placed on the hot embers on the grate.
If I just put the paper on the grate embers it would suffocate the
little flame left. Especially when damp wood was put on top of it. If the
wood is very damp I can add more newspaper twists from below, and cook the
wood dry till it burns. The gas flame coming up through the damp wood helps
combust the smoldering wet wood smoke with a little additional secondary air.
Before long the stove is operating unattended till next reload with few
emissions while recharging. All of this with damper wood than I prefer.
Paul, I was feeding my son while checking my E-mail when I was
surprised to see the powdered formula cans I gave you in your #2 stoves
picture. I am getting smaller cans now, these measure 4 "x 4&1/2" you can
have some of these since you made such good use of those ones. I see the
high temp firebrick will be coming into use soon as well.
Take care,
Dan Dimiduk

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From crispin at newdawn.sz Sat Feb 23 11:34:42 2002
From: crispin at newdawn.sz (Crispin)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: ATprojects - The list
In-Reply-To: <l03130300b89c5e8680de@[202.1.52.240]>
Message-ID: <002a01c1bcb1$e3be0900$5ce80fc4@home>

Dear Friends

Steve wrote:

++++++++
Why not have two simple rules .....

1. Pictures go to the web site, and member can down load them if they want
to.

2. Do not use the reply option (send you message, not other peoples again
and again ........)

Sorry about highlighting this problem, but here in PNG information is
important.

Steve Layton
++++++++

I have to agree with this. I am getting two sets of pictures from Paul. I
also know that in most academic lists one posts the entire thread again and
again but this is inappropriate on an international list. I would like to
keep some messages but not several copies of each one on my limited hard
disk.

Speed-wise I am OK but i have to dial in to a POP outside my call area which
doubles the cost of my connection time beyond a local call. We pay for all
time connected over phone company lines - a situation that does not prevail
in N America. Don't want to complain but bandwidth is a problem. I am OK
with 40K pics and under (as previously mentioned) and anything above that
can go to a site for downloads.

So I am raising a new issue: storage of useful information. I usually have
to send it to myself stripped all the clutter of repeated (often fully)
messages on the bottom. We could forward the useful or relevant parts only
and that would be better. I have already accumulated about 200 messages
averaging 20K since September. Using the archive is not an option because I
have to stay connected to the phone lines to access it.

Regards
Crispin in Swaziland

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From tmiles at trmiles.com Sat Feb 23 17:24:26 2002
From: tmiles at trmiles.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: ATprojects - The list
In-Reply-To: <l03130300b89c5e8680de@[202.1.52.240]>
Message-ID: <010801c1bce2$e19650c0$94103b41@trmhp>

Stovers,

CREST policy has always been not to allow attachments to messages for the
very reasons that have been stated in recent discussions. Occaisionally we
have posted reminders to that effect.

A few weeks ago Tom Reed included a reduced photo in a message of less than
40k, including the message, and others followed suite. We queried the list
and there were comments that photos in a small message would be ok. Paul
apparently didn't get the message about how to include small photos. Hence
the troubles. We can go back to no attachements or we can set a message size
and automagically bounce anything that's too large.

You will find most of the photos that have been circulated between members
on the Stoves web site at
http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ I will add new photos,
including Paul's latest, as people send them to me. CREST has promised a
mechanism so that stovers can upload photos themselves. Meanwhile sedn your
photos along and we'll see that they get posted.

Thanks for your cooperation

Tom Miles
Bioenergy Lists Administrator

Thomas R Miles
TR Miles, Technical Consultants
tmiles@trmiles.com
503-292-0107
----- Original Message -----
From: "Crispin" <crispin@newdawn.sz>
To: "Stoves" <stoves@crest.org>
Sent: Saturday, February 23, 2002 1:32 PM
Subject: Re: ATprojects - The list

> Dear Friends
>
> Steve wrote:
>
> ++++++++
> Why not have two simple rules .....
>
> 1. Pictures go to the web site, and member can down load them if they want
> to.
>
> 2. Do not use the reply option (send you message, not other peoples again
> and again ........)
>
> Sorry about highlighting this problem, but here in PNG information is
> important.
>
> Steve Layton
> ++++++++
>
> I have to agree with this. I am getting two sets of pictures from Paul.
I
> also know that in most academic lists one posts the entire thread again
and
> again but this is inappropriate on an international list. I would like to
> keep some messages but not several copies of each one on my limited hard
> disk.
>
> Speed-wise I am OK but i have to dial in to a POP outside my call area
which
> doubles the cost of my connection time beyond a local call. We pay for
all
> time connected over phone company lines - a situation that does not
prevail
> in N America. Don't want to complain but bandwidth is a problem. I am OK
> with 40K pics and under (as previously mentioned) and anything above that
> can go to a site for downloads.
>
> So I am raising a new issue: storage of useful information. I usually
have
> to send it to myself stripped all the clutter of repeated (often fully)
> messages on the bottom. We could forward the useful or relevant parts
only
> and that would be better. I have already accumulated about 200 messages
> averaging 20K since September. Using the archive is not an option because
I
> have to stay connected to the phone lines to access it.
>
> Regards
> Crispin in Swaziland
>
>
>
> -
> Stoves List Archives and Website:
> http://www.crest.org/discussion/stoves/200202/
> http://crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/ (Under construction)
> http://www.ikweb.com/enuff/public_html/Stoves.html (Original)
>
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>
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From RSamson at reap-canada.com Mon Feb 25 08:02:00 2002
From: RSamson at reap-canada.com (RSamson@reap-canada.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: The Mayon Turbo Stove
Message-ID: <3C7A7C59.180DFB6@reap-canada.com>

Ron

We tried making the centrepiece from clay with some success on our older
model though we never introduced it into communities. It doesn't have
the same stability as the ring structure for holding pots. A clay
centrepiece would reduce the stove cost by about 1/3rd compared to a
metal centrepiece. If we went with the small Mayon Turbo 6000 model and
a clay centrepiece we might be able to get the cost to $4-$4.50 per
cooker. Next week I go to the Philippines and we plan to do a bit more
development work on it while I am there. Likely it would be a good
option for us to reduce our risks on loan repayments. Once people could
afford it they could upgrade to a metal centrepiece if they so desired.
It would be interesting if someone (like Dean Still) who has more
experience than us with other materials used for stove fabrication could
also try experimenting with insulative materials and incorporating them
into the stove design.

Roger

Ron wrote:

> I wonder if you have tried this design using several pottery pieces?
A
>refractory and insulator - and potentially quite cheap (but breakable).

>Your pot holder - stand design is probably going to have to remain
steel.

Hi ron
Yes we have tried making the centrepiece from clay with some success. On
my trip to the Philippines next week I plan to test it

Ron

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From tmiles at trmiles.com Mon Feb 25 17:14:09 2002
From: tmiles at trmiles.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:40 2004
Subject: Stoves Web Update
Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.2.20020225191337.021a9828@mail.teleport.com>

Stovers,

I've updated images on the stoves web page
http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/

New additions include Paul Anderson's February images and images from Peter
Verhaart of his Jak stove.

Tom

Thomas R Miles tmiles@trmiles.com
T R Miles, TCI Tel 503-292-0107
1470 SW Woodward Way Fax 503-292-2919
Portland, OR 97225 USA

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From dstill at epud.net Mon Feb 25 17:24:41 2002
From: dstill at epud.net (Dean Still)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: The Mayon Turbo Stove
Message-ID: <002d01c1be67$7c069680$0915210c@default>

Dear Roger,

Ken Goyer (Aprovecho ceramic researcher), Dr. Larry Winiarski and I will
help out in any way that we can. Send us a stove and we'll get to work.
(Aprovecho offers free testing and design work on stoves to all NGO's.)

Aprovecho Research Center
80574 Hazelton Road
Cottage Grove, Oregon 97424
541 942 8198

Best,

Dean

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Mon Feb 25 18:18:10 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: ATprojects - Greeings from PNG
In-Reply-To: <l03130300b8a0937e5fd7@[202.165.194.125]>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020225221552.01818b50@mail.ilstu.edu>

Steve and Stovers,

Steve in PNG sent me a great message that I am sharing with the whole
list. He describes his situation and I think that many of us could have
some input to him.

Steve, you have stimulated me to get my Juntos stove info into an Internet
format soon. I will let you know when it is available.

Apart from wood, you did not tell me what are the main biomass materials
available for fuel. For the Juntos Stove, I am looking for "chips" or
small pieces of biomass. I need to get some air flow from the bottom, so
plain sawdust or tiny particles (rice hulls) probably would not breathe
well enough. Need to experiment. But small twigs (broken to 2-3 cm
lengths) should work fine, if reasonably dry.

Meanwhile, let me say that I would like to work with you to see if the
Juntos stove (or variations of it) could be part of your solution.

Paul

At 12:22 PM 2/26/02 +1100, ATprojects Inc. wrote:
>Ref: ATp001637
>
>Dear Paul
>
>Thank you for your emails of the 22nd and 23rd of February. First of all I
>would like to access the pictures of the stove as I didn't get them the
>first time around.
>
>As you will see from our web site, ATprojects is involved in a number of
>rural base programs here in Papua New Guinea. We are currently considering
>what our approach will be to our stove development programme and that is
>one of the reasons why I have been so interested to monitor the stoves
>mailing lists, it has proven very useful to us.
>
>As I am sure you are aware there are many people involved in this type of
>research and development and I don't see it as being that useful that we
>start our own research and development program, surely we should be able to
>benefit for the work already being done by others.
>
>ATprojects actually operates from the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua
>New Guinea, that is to say we are located in the Central Highlands of the
>country and our climate is in fact rather cold and not very humid, which of
>course is quite different to the coastal areas of Papua New Guinea.
>
>In terms of what fuel is in common used here, if we were to focus on the
>rural areas of the Highlands then we wood would clearly be 95% of the fuel
>used. Only a very few people who have access either to a regular income or
>a reasonable level of cash cropping would have moved on to kerosene stoves.
>
>
>The use of other fuels such as gas in the rural areas is pretty much non
>existent. Even in the five or six major urban centres in the Highlands,
>firewood is still a very common fuel, although more and more of the
>slightly wealth here urban residence do use kerosene.
>
>There has been some efforts made by the local fuel companies to introduce
>gas cookers, but really this is only having a small impact.
>
>Papua New Guinea has a long history of development projects that have tried
>to introduce different types of stoves and fuel. Perhaps twenty years ago
>there was a government sponsored project that was heavily backed by a
>number of large international donors that tried to introduce charcoal.
>
>However, I think it would be fair to say that this was a complete failure.
>The roots of this failure were grounded in the fact that the stoves were
>not only expensive and beyond the reach of most potential users, but they
>were inappropriately designed. Another problem was clearly that there was
>no base for the supply of charcoal. Local businessmen did not see this as
>a way of generating a good return on their investment and charcoal fuel
>just was not available to the urban dweller.
>
>As I said earlier, ATprojects is very interested to look at stove design,
>but we think that what ever stove is introduced in PNG it has to be
>marketed to the end users and the problem here is that while Papua New
>Guinea maybe potentially not a poor country this is not reflected in the
>standard of living of most of our urban residence.
>
>The average urban wage here would be somewhere around US$700 - 800 per
>annum per family and given the current massive devaluation of our local
>currency it is unlikely that an average family would be able to invest any
>more than say one tenth of this into purchasing an asset like a stove.
>
>In terms of rural families, this annual figure is much lower in fact we
>have recently spent some considerable time working in one of the supposedly
>richer coffee growing areas and we believe that from our discussions with
>local families that their level of income per annum for a family is
>something in the order of a US$150 per year.
>
>Obviously out of this they have to purchase things such as store food,
>clothing and other traditional obligations. So they have little or nothing
>to invest in stoves. In terms of non-store food, they are totally relying
>on what they grow in their gardens and while firewood is not in abundance
>it is at the moment and I stress at the moment still fairly readily
>available.
>
>I would be very interested to discuss any stove design that you think may
>be appropriate to our situation. If you feel you need more information
>please feel free to contact me.
>
>Regards
>
>
>Steve Layton.
>
>The information contained in this email message is intended only for the
>addressee. If you are not the intended recipient you must not use,
>disclose, copy or distribute this message or the information in it. If you
>have received this message in error, please email the sender immediately."
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>ATprojects is based in Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province. We work with
>both district and provincial governments, churches, rural communities and
>other NGOs in the Eastern Highlands Province. Our aim is to enable rural
>people to use appropriate technologies which give them more control over
>their lives and which contribute to the sustainable development of their
>communities.
>
>For more information on our work go to http://www.global.net.pg/atprojects
>
>This email may be confidential and/or privileged. Only the intended
>recipient may access or use it. We use virus scanning software but exclude
>all liability for viruses or similar in any attachment.
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------a

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Mon Feb 25 18:37:23 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Stoves Web Update
In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.2.20020225191337.021a9828@mail.teleport.com>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020225224009.01829390@mail.ilstu.edu>

Tom M.,

Thanks for putting the Juntos Stove pictures on the Internet. The lengthy
TEXT message describing the stove is not there. Will you be putting that
message onto the Internet site also?

Paul

At 07:14 PM 2/25/02 -0800, Tom Miles wrote:
>Stovers,
>
>I've updated images on the stoves web page
>http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/
>
>New additions include Paul Anderson's February images and images from
>Peter Verhaart of his Jak stove.
>
>Tom
>
>Thomas R Miles tmiles@trmiles.com
>T R Miles, TCI Tel 503-292-0107
>1470 SW Woodward Way Fax 503-292-2919
>Portland, OR 97225 USA

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From ronallarson at qwest.net Mon Feb 25 20:34:47 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: The Mayon Turbo Stove
In-Reply-To: <3C7A7C59.180DFB6@reap-canada.com>
Message-ID: <005e01c1be90$294c0320$1ae66641@computer>

Roger (cc Stoves):

Today, you said:

> Ron
>
> We tried making the centrepiece from clay with some success on our older
> model though we never introduced it into communities. It doesn't have
> the same stability as the ring structure for holding pots.

(rwl): It might be possible to have local potters "weld" the inner and
outer parts together. Then the rice hulls might flow through 3, 4, 5, 6...
"ports" separated by the same number of "posts" that give the desired (1+
inch?) separation. This will give the desired stability - but probably
increase the breakability a lot (both handling and differential thermal
expansions). Only a few trials will tell.

It seemed that your pot sat on a metal stand and that this stand was
totally separate from the fuel holder and central combustion areas. True?
It seems reasonable to keep that separation of materials and functions. Or,
if all was metal, were they solidly connected to each other?

>A clay
> centrepiece would reduce the stove cost by about 1/3rd compared to a
> metal centrepiece. If we went with the small Mayon Turbo 6000 model and
> a clay centrepiece we might be able to get the cost to $4-$4.50 per
> cooker.

(RWL): Does this price include the stand - and if you can - could you
separately price the stand alone? If the stand carries the weight of the
pot, perhaps stability is not great an issue.

> Next week I go to the Philippines and we plan to do a bit more
> development work on it while I am there. Likely it would be a good
> option for us to reduce our risks on loan repayments. Once people could
> afford it they could upgrade to a metal centrepiece if they so desired.
> It would be interesting if someone (like Dean Still) who has more
> experience than us with other materials used for stove fabrication could
> also try experimenting with insulative materials and incorporating them
> into the stove design.
>
(RWL) The insulative property of the Apprevecho bricks was developed by
mixing sawdust (rice husks?) with the clay. Maybe you can do your own
tests - as your local clays will be different anyway from those tested by
Dean and Ken Goyer. I think Ken was getting sawdust close to 50% by
volume - but you may want and need a different mix. The aim is to get a
good combination of porosity and strength. Guessing that pottery is pretty
cheap there, you probably can learn a lot with a test protocol only costing
a few hundred dollars.

Wish you luck. Good luck on your trip. Ron

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From tmiles at trmiles.com Tue Feb 26 06:10:47 2002
From: tmiles at trmiles.com (Tom Miles)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Stoves Web Update
In-Reply-To: <5.1.0.14.2.20020225191337.021a9828@mail.teleport.com>
Message-ID: <5.1.0.14.2.20020226080145.02939eb8@mail.easystreet.com>

Paul,

I lost you at the first turn! :-)

If you click on your name it will take you to the list of your links where
you'll find a new link for Juntos Stove Testing (February 2002). That link
will take you to the page with pictures and text. I'll put a direct link on
and next to the pictures.

So there's a page with your January info and one for your February info.

Now all it takes is for someone to take the time to go to the pages.

Tom

At 10:45 PM 2/25/2002 -0600, Paul S. Anderson wrote:
>Tom M.,
>
>Thanks for putting the Juntos Stove pictures on the Internet. The lengthy
>TEXT message describing the stove is not there. Will you be putting that
>message onto the Internet site also?
>
>Paul
>
>At 07:14 PM 2/25/02 -0800, Tom Miles wrote:
>>Stovers,
>>
>>I've updated images on the stoves web page
>>http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/
>>
>>New additions include Paul Anderson's February images and images from
>>Peter Verhaart of his Jak stove.
>>
>>Tom
>>
>>Thomas R Miles tmiles@trmiles.com
>>T R Miles, TCI Tel 503-292-0107
>>1470 SW Woodward Way Fax 503-292-2919
>>Portland, OR 97225 USA
>
>Paul S. Anderson, Ph.D., Fulbright Prof. to Mozambique 8/99 - 7/00
>Rotary University Teacher Grantee to Mozambique >10 mo of 2001-2003
>Dept of Geography - Geology (Box 4400), Illinois State University
>Normal, IL 61790-4400 Voice: 309-438-7360; FAX: 309-438-5310
>E-mail: psanders@ilstu.edu - Internet items: www.ilstu.edu/~psanders

Thomas R Miles tmiles@trmiles.com
T R Miles, TCI Tel 503-292-0107
1470 SW Woodward Way Fax 503-292-2919
Portland, OR 97225 USA

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From adkarve at pn2.vsnl.net.in Tue Feb 26 14:27:16 2002
From: adkarve at pn2.vsnl.net.in (A.D. Karve)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: stoves for Papua New Guinea
Message-ID: <000301c1bf28$e0c6b340$e99ec7cb@adkarvepn2.vsnl.net.in>

This message is for Steve layton, in response to his message
addressed to Paul Anderson. In case he is not a member of the stoves list,
I request Paul to forward the message to him.
Almost 70% of the families in India use biomass burning
cookstoves. The models developed by us are made of unburnt clay, and
they are very cheap. Some of them cost even less than US$1. They are
made with the help of a mould, which ensures that the dimensions of the
stove do not change.
A.D.Karve

From ronallarson at qwest.net Wed Feb 27 09:17:57 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Shell Foundation funding opportunity
Message-ID: <002a01c1bfc3$98ea3ba0$02e2e53f@computer>

Stovers:

The following could/should be of
interest to many on this list. Below the forwarded material is a second
downloaded section from the RFP instructions - which indicates the type of
material they are looking for.

Please contact me (or I think
many others on this list) if I/we might be able to help proposers in some
way. I might be loosely attached to another proposal or two - but will not
submit one of my own and promise to try to help all equally. The emphasis
is clearly (and should be) on the "south" - and sustainability - and I am sure
many on the list want to try to help. One way could be to help find
partnerships that involve volunteer assistance from the "north". More
after the copied ">" material.

-----Original Message-----From: SEP, SI-PXR
<SEP@si.shell.com>To: <A
href="mailto:'rfp@shellfoundation.org'">'rfp@shellfoundation.org' <<A
href="mailto:rfp@shellfoundation.org">rfp@shellfoundation.org>Date:
Wednesday, February 27, 2002 8:09 AMSubject: Shell Foundation - Request for
Proposals - Now Open>>The Shell
Foundation>Sustainable Energy Programme>Request for Proposals -
Relating to Modern Energy Services and Household>Energy & Health -
Now Open!!>>PLEASE VISIT - <A
href="http://www.shellfoundation.org/rfp">http://www.shellfoundation.org/rfp
for further information.>>All proposals should be sent to <A
href="mailto:SEP@si.shell.com">SEP@si.shell.com by April 25th 2002 at
the>latest - please read the "notes to applicants" section before
completingthe>Concept Proposal Form.

(RWL): (The above Proposal Form is about 5
pages long - not bad.) The following is the part of the
Shell web site that I found most interesting

"Under the HEH theme, the Shell Foundation is
interested in funding projects that emphasise one or more of the
following:
Improved health outcomes for households (with specific targeting on
vulnerable groups and communities)
Innovative solutions to household energy problems using local materials
and skills
Low cost, mass production of improved energy devices
Innovative micro-finance schemes (eg consumer credit)
Removal of policy barriers to extending access to improved energy
services
Replication through commercialisation or scaling up through national or
international programmes
Financial sustainability
Promotion of small and micro-enterprise
Local ownership.
Based on these factors, the Shell Foundation would like to encourage NGOs
(particularly southern based), community based-organisations, small or
micro-enterprises and other southern-based institutions to submit Concept
Proposal Forms under the Household Energy and Health theme. The maximum budget
for each project will be $300,000 over a period of three years."
(RWL): Good luck to all proposers!

From Tami.Bond at noaa.gov Thu Feb 28 00:05:51 2002
From: Tami.Bond at noaa.gov (Tami Bond)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: CO sensors again
Message-ID: <6a5d36dc2c.6dc2c6a5d3@pmel.noaa.gov>

Dear Stovers,

I am going to pilot using a CO sensor made by CITY Technology in the
U.K. in my measurements, starting next week. The sensor reads 0-2000
ppm with a resolution of 0.5 ppm. It puts out an analog voltage of 1 mV
per ppm.

As Tom Reed mentioned a while ago, these electrochemical sensors have
cross-sensitivities to other gases. This one appears to have a fairly
high sensitivity to ethylene which can be emitted from biofuel
combustion. What to do about this? Any cheap sensor seems to be
electrochemical, so is there a way to get around the cross-sens
problem? I don't have a way to measure ethylene-- obviously, since I'm
still working on CO.

Tami

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From Tami.Bond at noaa.gov Thu Feb 28 00:13:25 2002
From: Tami.Bond at noaa.gov (Tami Bond)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Cooking with Coal-- AJH? Crispin? John Davies?
Message-ID: <6cda568f24.68f246cda5@pmel.noaa.gov>

Stovers & Especially Coalers,

I have been playing with coal burning again. Can somebody tell me why
anybody would cook with this stuff?!

I had previously burned high-volatile (like 40% vol) bituminous. That
catches and stays lit pretty well. Now that I am trying some lower-vol
coal (at least I think that is the problem) it is hard to get the coal
to support combustion. What's the trick?

I *could* put the coal in a huge pile and/or start it with lots of
wood. Sure, that works. But I can't imagine anyone cooking that way. If
you have to use so much wood to get it lit, you might as well cook with
the wood. If you have to use so much coal to keep the combustion going,
again, one might think people would choose something else. I can see
heating with coal, where you ignite once and just keep feeding the fire
once it is hot. Starting a coal fire for every meal, though, seems very
inefficient.

Sooo... I must be doing something wrong. What am I missing?

thanks,
Tami

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From Carefreeland at aol.com Thu Feb 28 01:27:07 2002
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Cooking with Coal-- AJH? Crispin? John Davies?
Message-ID: <18d.4114f3f.29af6e1b@aol.com>

Dear Tami,
Low volatile rock coal behaves a lot like blacksmiths coke. You need a
lot of directed air once you get it started. It will retain more heat than
char since it is a rock, so little chance of blowing it out. There is little
disturbance of the air with a smoldering coal, and a lot of heat sink into
the cold coal. There needs to be a lot of micro turbulence to keep it
combusting hot at first.
Try lighting the coal with some charcoal, and blowing through a
drinking straw to fan it. Just breath normally but slowly or you will get
lightheaded, don't inhale through the straw.
If you have a larger amount of coal, the natural convection creates
this turbulence for you. I have the same problem with some of the retort char
I have made, even though it has higher volatile. What type of stove are you
burning this in?
Once enough coal has ignited well and heated up, it will continue to
burn and is hard to extinguish. I suggest using a stove with a tall chimney,
good directed and controlled draft air.
I suppose people cook with coal for the same reason they do anything,
because it is what they have to work with.
Good luck,
Daniel Dimiduk

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From andrew.heggie at dtn.ntl.com Thu Feb 28 01:33:09 2002
From: andrew.heggie at dtn.ntl.com (AJH)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Cooking with Coal-- AJH? Crispin? John Davies?
In-Reply-To: <6cda568f24.68f246cda5@pmel.noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <p94s7ukfbga722hmglqnr0j40l0lov91ge@4ax.com>

On Thu, 28 Feb 2002 02:14:12 -0800, Tami Bond <Tami.Bond@noaa.gov>
wrote:

>
>Stovers & Especially Coalers,
>
>I have been playing with coal burning again. Can somebody tell me why
>anybody would cook with this stuff?!

Probably because they cannot afford anything better.
>
>I had previously burned high-volatile (like 40% vol) bituminous. That
>catches and stays lit pretty well. Now that I am trying some lower-vol
>coal (at least I think that is the problem) it is hard to get the coal
>to support combustion. What's the trick?

Probably to do with size, you need to get the carbon up to its
ignition temperature, at the same time a large lump has a lot of
thermal mass and conducts heat away quite quickly. If volatiles are
present then these are produced and can burn. Wood is a decent
insulator so its surface reaches pyrolysis temperatures quite quickly.
If there is a flame present volatiles catch light and then feedback
more heat into the mass. If the fire only smoulders then there is no
ignition source for the offgas and it vents unburnt, contributing no
heat.

With good coal, anthracite, it is nearly all carbon, once lit it will
glow, to create a flame you need to pump air through it to increase
the fire bed and cause CO to be formed, this then produces the
characteristic blue CO->CO2 flame.
>
>I *could* put the coal in a huge pile and/or start it with lots of
>wood. Sure, that works. But I can't imagine anyone cooking that way. If
>you have to use so much wood to get it lit, you might as well cook with
>the wood. If you have to use so much coal to keep the combustion going,
>again, one might think people would choose something else. I can see
>heating with coal, where you ignite once and just keep feeding the fire
>once it is hot. Starting a coal fire for every meal, though, seems very
>inefficient.

From ronallarson at qwest.net Thu Feb 28 04:17:13 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Cooking with Coal-- AJH? Crispin? John Davies?
In-Reply-To: <6cda568f24.68f246cda5@pmel.noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <001401c1c063$19353fe0$7ce2e53f@computer>

Tami:

You said today:

<snip>>
> I had previously burned high-volatile (like 40% vol) bituminous. That
> catches and stays lit pretty well. Now that I am trying some lower-vol
> coal (at least I think that is the problem) it is hard to get the coal
> to support combustion. What's the trick?
>
> I *could* put the coal in a huge pile and/or start it with lots of
> wood. Sure, that works.

(RWL): I believe that much of your previous work was with "holey"
briquettes - whereas this seems to be lump coal. If true, I owner if you
can go back to a "holey" design. Speaking as a total novice with coal
(watched Andrew once), I like the responses of Andrew and Dan who mention
reflectivity - which is much like having "holiness". I think the trick must
be getting the chemical heat release per unit area (largely done with
increased air) plus radiative feedback (either reflection [with lumps] or
"holey design to exceed the heat loss inward.

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From ronallarson at qwest.net Thu Feb 28 04:28:28 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Fw: Cooking with Coal-- AJH? Crispin? John Davies?
Message-ID: <002101c1c064$abb960c0$7ce2e53f@computer>

Stovers:

Forgot I was composing on-line and a mis-step sent my last message off
too soon. Please change "owner" to "wonder". I was going to add a closing
sentence saying that we need to make lump geometry look as much like the
"hole" geometry as possible - about which Tami is one of our best experts.
This happens naturally with the top-down charcoal making stoves, when the
wood "branches" are stacked in vertically. Harder to do with coal lumps,
but I guess Tami needs something similar - a tall (better draft) reflective
can with small lumps. Sort of what Dan and Andrew said, but introducing the
word "holey".

Sorry for my sloppy handling of "Outlook Express".

Ron

----- Original Message -----
From: Ron Larson <ronallarson@qwest.net>
To: Tami Bond <Tami.Bond@noaa.gov>; <stoves@crest.org>
Sent: Thursday, February 28, 2002 7:20 AM
Subject: Re: Cooking with Coal-- AJH? Crispin? John Davies?

> Tami:
>
<snip>

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From jmdavies at xsinet.co.za Thu Feb 28 07:07:36 2002
From: jmdavies at xsinet.co.za (John Davies)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Cooking with Coal-- AJH? Crispin? John Davies?
In-Reply-To: <6cda568f24.68f246cda5@pmel.noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <00bd01c1c07b$26e46fe0$b06b27c4@jmdavies>

Hi Tami,

I live on the Highveld ( altitude 5000 ft. ) in South Africa. We are sitting
directly on top of a massive coal field.
The winters are sub zero ( -8 C ) at night during
winter which coincides with a long dry period. Trees do not grow naturally
in this area and take a great deal of pampering to become established.
So growing trees for fuel is out. The nearest source of cheap firewood
being typically 200miles away.

The poorest of the poor living in informal setlements are reliant on low
grade butuminous coal to cook, and to heat their dwellings. This is
typically done by burning the coal in a 20 li tin. The "Baula" as previously
discussed. These are lit out of doors producing clouds of acrid dense smoke.
which causes heavy polution of the area.
The nights are typically windless in winter. Once the coal is reduced to red
hot
coke and the smoke and fumes have abated, it is carried into the house.
where it is used for heating and cooking. The higher volitile content coal
is
preferred as it takes very little "expensive " wood to light.

The government has also declared war
on those trees which grow best in the prevailing climate. They have been
classified as invader species, although they do not stand a chance of
becoming a problem in these areas. All trees in the immediate vicinity
have been harvested for building material and fuel.

The great pity is that apart from creating terrible pollution, all the
heat from the volatiles is wasted.
This could account for as much as 40 % of the potential being wasted. My aim
is to try and modify the traditional burning methods in such a manner to
eliminate the smoke and utilise the wasted heat.

I have done some tests with top lighting, gasifying, the coal in a tin with
a burner
above. with promising results this heat could be used for outside heating of
water. for bathing etc before the coke fire is carried into the house. An
alternative is to have it in the house from the start, with a simple
chimney. Much work is still to be done.

Of course minimum cost is a must. Tincanium protected by clay insulation
would appear to offer the cheapest solution.

There are also several informal stove makers in these settlements, using
whatever scrap steel is at hand. An ideal opportunity exists to introduce
clean combustion into their stoves, which are just as polluting as the
open fire option, but a little less wasteful with heat.

Regards,
John Davies.

----- Original Message -----
From: Tami Bond <Tami.Bond@noaa.gov>
To: <stoves@crest.org>
Sent: Thursday, February 28, 2002 12:14 PM
Subject: Cooking with Coal-- AJH? Crispin? John Davies?

>
> Stovers & Especially Coalers,
>
> I have been playing with coal burning again. Can somebody tell me why
> anybody would cook with this stuff?!
>
> I had previously burned high-volatile (like 40% vol) bituminous. That
> catches and stays lit pretty well. Now that I am trying some lower-vol
> coal (at least I think that is the problem) it is hard to get the coal
> to support combustion. What's the trick?
>

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From tami.bond at noaa.gov Thu Feb 28 08:39:40 2002
From: tami.bond at noaa.gov (Tami Bond)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Coal cooking summary
In-Reply-To: <6cda568f24.68f246cda5@pmel.noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <3C7E7970.87D60526@noaa.gov>

Dear Stovers,

Thanks everyone for your quick responses.

I summarize what I have heard from you:

1. Low-vol coal needs forced draft to burn (Dan, Andrew)
2. Smaller size could help, use smaller chunks (Andrew) [I agree with
what you said about heat conduction impeding ignition-- you can see the
heat traveling away-- this is problem with starting coal briquettes
too.]
3. Try holey configuration (Ron) [I agree with this too-- you have to
make a cavity to keep radiation heat losses from sucking all the heat
out-- I find this easier with wood than with coal.]
4. People light coal, prefer hi-volatile [Me too!], bring it into house
after volatiles are extinguished and cook over the coke. (John) (Note--
if I get my own lab setup someday, I would love to test your improved
coal stove)

This all makes TOTAL sense, but NONE of it changes the fact that I have
some coal that is used for cooking in Yunnan province, and it is
typically lit by putting on top of a wood fire. These people (1) do not
have fans; (2) I have tried it with fairly small (walnut sized) chunks;
(3) have done radiation cavities as best I can. I am burning this in a
simulated firepit which is how they do. I have lined it with ashes, but
no insulation other than that; I did a trial with firebrick around the
outside of the pile to avoid heat loss, but it didn't seem to help much.

So far I haven't used more than 0.6 kg of coal per test, figuring that
you can finish the water boiling test with ~0.6 kg of wood, and coal has
a higher heating value. Nor have I used more than 0.3 kg of wood to try
and start the coal, again thinking that if you were going to use 0.5 kg
of wood as kindling, you might as well cook over it and forget the coal.

Now if I used a bigger pile of coal, the surface-to-volume ratio of the
pile would be smaller, so there would be less heat loss. But this means
that people are probably using more coal than we think they are (or
cooking fewer times per day).

John, how much coal do people typically burn for a meal? And what do
they do if they cannot get the high-volatile stuff?

Still puzzled

Tami

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From psanders at ilstu.edu Thu Feb 28 09:53:45 2002
From: psanders at ilstu.edu (Paul S. Anderson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Cooking with Coal-- AJH? Crispin? John Davies?
In-Reply-To: <6cda568f24.68f246cda5@pmel.noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <4.3.1.2.20020228133706.01b83cc0@mail.ilstu.edu>

Tami,

Just a hunch, but I think that the "stackable" or "heat column" aspects of
the Juntos stove might be of use to you for coal burning.

At very low cost, the lower (gasifier) unit will produce heat and flame the
will all go upwards to some configuration of coal (chunks, holes, etc.) of
different qualities. The coal should start getting hot (absorb whatever of
the heat from below that it can capture) and in theory should eventually
start to burn. The gases that come from the coal should rise in the heat
column and (we hope) will be ignited with the heat/flame from the gasifier.

Once the coal is burning, the gasifier can be turned down to "low" or maybe
even turned off, but it sounds like for coal to burn in "smallish amounts"
it might need additional heat added continually.

This is from a novice, so perhaps someone can explain why it would not
work. But (if and) when I have time I will place coal into the
"intermediate fuel unit" above a gasifier and see what happens. If anyone
can get to that stage before I do, go for it and please let us know what
happens.

Illinois sits on coal fields, but I have not seen any available to purchase
in years (but I have not been looking either.)

Paul

At 02:14 AM 2/28/02 -0800, Tami Bond wrote:

>Stovers & Especially Coalers,
>
>I have been playing with coal burning again. Can somebody tell me why
>anybody would cook with this stuff?!

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From ronallarson at qwest.net Thu Feb 28 12:29:24 2002
From: ronallarson at qwest.net (Ron Larson)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Coal cooking summary
In-Reply-To: <6cda568f24.68f246cda5@pmel.noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <025701c1c0a7$9fa5d000$54ab6441@computer>

Tami - today you said in part:

> This all makes TOTAL sense, but NONE of it changes the fact that I
have
> some coal that is used for cooking in Yunnan province, and it is
> typically lit by putting on top of a wood fire. These people (1) do not
> have fans;

(RWL): I have been impressed in several places with the use of "fans"
(not electric - but hand-powered) to control the power output from charcoal
fires. My guess is that the power (or fuel consumption rate) output might
be tripled over natural convection. This is something we would avoid - but
I guess is quite common place.

>(2) I have tried it with fairly small (walnut sized) chunks;

(RWL): Not expert - but think starting might be easier if even
smaller.

> (3) have done radiation cavities as best I can. I am burning this in a
> simulated firepit which is how they do. I have lined it with ashes, but
> no insulation other than that; I did a trial with firebrick around the
> outside of the pile to avoid heat loss, but it didn't seem to help much.
>
(RWL): Paul Hait has been vocal in the past on the importance of
reflection - and he uses stainless, which is not presumably used in Yunnan
province. But one can get much of the same effect with outer linings that
are as white as possible. The reflection property may be as important as
the insulative value (including from ash).

I need to repeat the value of height in the surroundings. Might you
increase the depth of the pit?

Wish we could be of more help.

Best of luck. Ron

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From andrew.heggie at dtn.ntl.com Thu Feb 28 13:20:24 2002
From: andrew.heggie at dtn.ntl.com (AJH)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Coal cooking summary
In-Reply-To: <6cda568f24.68f246cda5@pmel.noaa.gov>
Message-ID: <679t7ucv833i6bpp33uou4s3dotkpohush@4ax.com>

On Thu, 28 Feb 2002 10:39:44 -0800, Tami Bond <tami.bond@noaa.gov>
wrote:

>Dear Stovers,
>
>Thanks everyone for your quick responses.
>
>I summarize what I have heard from you:
>
>1. Low-vol coal needs forced draft to burn (Dan, Andrew)

Not quite, it obviously will burn under natural draft, however if you
achieve a high air velocity (which may be done with a chimney) the
coal will become a glowing mass and produce CO which then burns with a
blue flame. In lesser air flows the carbon is all converted to CO2 in
the coke bed. Any volatiles being released from fresh coal will not
then readily flare.

>3. Try holey configuration (Ron) [I agree with this too-- you have to
>make a cavity to keep radiation heat losses from sucking all the heat
>out-- I find this easier with wood than with coal.]

Radiation is very important in igniting char. I have just made some
high volatiles char in order to demonstrate clean flaring for a
project that I had hoped to scale up. I have been seeing how far from
a glowing char bed it will light, it looks like about 50mm whilst in
the primary airflow.

>4. People light coal, prefer hi-volatile [Me too!], bring it into house
>after volatiles are extinguished and cook over the coke. (John) (Note--
>if I get my own lab setup someday, I would love to test your improved
>coal stove)

I had posted some queries on this when the subject was last aired. I
would like to see if we can look at them again, if I can find the
message. There seems little reason to favour hi-volatile coal for easy
lighting if the volatiles are uncleanly flared to waste. Even taking
the glowing coke into the dwelling seems risky to health. Anyway it
looks like the cooks have little choice in the coal they use. I think
we should concentrate on clean burning from start up and cooking on a
system which vents the flue via a chimney. The heat all stays in the
dwelling, combustion product and contaminants in the coal going
outside at an acceptable level for other households.

As I said at the time there appears more scope for an engineering
solution here than with woodstoves. One day I will have a bit of time
and money to pursue this.
>
>This all makes TOTAL sense, but NONE of it changes the fact that I have
>some coal that is used for cooking in Yunnan province, and it is
>typically lit by putting on top of a wood fire. These people (1) do not
>have fans; (2) I have tried it with fairly small (walnut sized) chunks;

Walnut sized is much bigger than I used, my "house" coal was in ~2kg
lumps, I broke it into flakes no bigger than my finger up to the first
joint, this produced smaller shards also, which I used. Did you see
the fires started in Yunnan? It was the practice in this country to
keep embers going over night, the cry "curfew" was derived from
"couvre feu" which meant protect your embers and turn in. On sacking
village where the inhabitants had fled having the cooking fires
extinguished by urination as a "punishment" suggest staring fires was
not as easy as survival programs may suggest.

AJH
--

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From Carefreeland at aol.com Thu Feb 28 18:05:54 2002
From: Carefreeland at aol.com (Carefreeland@aol.com)
Date: Tue Aug 31 21:37:41 2004
Subject: Coal cooking summary
Message-ID: <103.1170671d.29b05832@aol.com>

Tami, Stovers,
We are all more familiar with wood and charcoal. We now want to apply
our skills to coal to improve the combustion. Let's look at the primary
differences between charcoal and rock coal.
1. Rock coal has more ash, similar to a briquette with clay binder.
2. Rock coal has higher density, more like the ceramic stove than the
ticanium stove.
3. Rock coal has almost zero porosity unless chipped or powdered.
4. Rock coal can be high or low volatility, but generally is lower in
volatile than wood or char.
The first feature gives more heat retention as the resulting ash
insulates the burning embers much more quickly. This also enables reflection
back into the burning coal.
The higher density holds more heat once properly warmed. Higher
density acts like a heat sink while trying to ignite, requiring more initial
heat.
Lower porosity allows less surface area which slows the burning rate
without sufficient movement of oxygen. The higher heat retention
characteristics somewhat offset this in open burning. This is because of the
higher resulting internal temperatures producing CO instead of CO2. The CO is
then emitted and burned as more oxygen becomes available away from the ember.

The more volatile rock coal has, the more hydrocarbon gas emitted at a
lower temperature. This gas can be useful or not just like the gas from
wood. The exception is that rock coal produces sulfur compounds, nitrogen
compounds and heavy metal oxides. For this reason I also recommend outside
ventilation of flue gasses.
The Chinese undoubtedly have used some sort of bellows or even
blowpipes just to establish their pit fires. The lack of air circulation
would probably kill the flames from CO2 suffocation without extra oxygen. A
sizable fire built from wood would also give sufficient air circulation.
Since early man, bellows of all sorts have been used. Some made of
skins, some just blowpipes to enhance the lungs. By directing the air into
the coals, less starting fuel can be used.
There are two kinds of reflectivity spoken of here.
1. Direct reflectivity, where the infrared and visible light are
reflected off of a shiny surface.
2. Secondary reflectivity. This is where the radiation from combustion
of fuel heats a surface such as the inside of a stove. This surface then
reradiates the infrared light waves back to the fuel. The heat retention is
required to steady the intermittent pulses of combustion.
With the rock coal, the combustion tends to be self contained once
started. The problem is the lack of initial combustion heat to sufficiently
raise the temperature of the entire grain of coal. If powdered coal is used
it helps, but still does not match the porosity of wood char or the volatile
content of wood.
Anyway you look at it you need more air. Direct reflectivity would
help, but how do you keep a white or polished surface? High temp firebrick
has a high alumna content keeping it's walls white during combustion.
Thin cast iron seems to be a compromise.
1. It heats quickly enough not to conduct too much heat away from the
starting fire.
2. It retains enough heat to be secondary reflective.
3. It insulates enough not to draw heat away from the beginning fire.

4. It can be thin and still not burn through unlike any other material
known to man.
I return to the thought that we threw away the perfect material for
combustion stoves when we forgot how to make certain types of iron materials.
Every time I start my potbellied stove I am reminded of this. My stove has
both of the iron and brick materials and was made very long ago. In our
stoves today, the secret is all in the grate. It is the only high carbon
silicon iron (wrought iron) used in combustion.
Rock coal was the common term until 1900. The "rock" name was dropped
after charcoal was almost made obsolete. That was back when the "Collier" was
the most important person around. He was the skilled tradesman who made your
coal for you.
The best stoves I have known for coal burning, had the these same
features. Secondary air is not as important for coal once up to temperature
because the burning temp is hot enough to completely combust everything.
This is provided enough primary air is present. Draft is far more
important.
Dan Dimiduk

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BioEnergy Lists: Improved Biomass Cooking Stoves

February 2002 Biomass Cooking Stoves Archive